Preparation of nano-structured barium titanate via electrophoretic deposition (EPD and there electrical and ionic conductivity via impedance spectroscopy

We investigate the structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of EPD-BT-8 wt1% a-platelet ceramics following a 6-h calcination process at 950 °C. XRD analysis confirms the development of a tetragonal perovskite structure, with a dominant (200) lattice plane, and the average crystallite size was calculated to be 42.91 nm using the Debye-Scherer formula. SEM micrographs reveal a densely packed grain structure with grain sizes of 160 μm and 78.4 μm, indicating a high-density sample. Dielectric analysis shows a temperature-dependent increase in the dielectric constant, with a transition temperature between 120 and 130 °C, and a frequency-dependent decrease in dielectric loss, which remains stable at higher frequencies. The diffusivity parameter γ ranges from 0.7046 to 0.855, indicating phase transition characteristics similar to normal ferroelectrics. AC conductivity exhibits an Arrhenius-type behavior, with frequency-dependent activation energy, showing higher values at 1 kHz. Impedance spectroscopy reveals bulk and grain boundary contributions, while the modulus formalism suggests charge carrier hopping in conduction. The study confirms the strong thermal stability and low dielectric loss of the ceramics, making them suitable for high-temperature and high-frequency applications. Additionally, PFM analysis demonstrates the presence of polar domains and piezoelectric response in the samples.