Simultaneous identification of several Helicobacter pylori virulence factors based on chitosan@ionic liquid and graphitic carbon nitride modified glassy carbon microspheres ionic liquid paste electrode

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can cause a variety of gastric diseases, such as chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, and eventually lead to gastric cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve early diagnosis of H. pylori. The biosensing platform was constructed for Epitope Vaccine against Four Virulence Proteins from H. pylori (FVpE) based on chitosan (CS)@ionic liquid (IL) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) modified glassy carbon microspheres ionic liquid paste electrode. The results showed that the substrate electrode had good electrical conductivity, which could amplify the response signal and improve the detection sensitivity. The developed immunosensor exhibited good immunoreactivity for H. pylori antibodies with wide linear range (0.05–5 ng mL⁻¹) and low detection limit (0.01 ng mL⁻¹). In addition, the electrochemical immunosensor presented quick response, high sensitivity, good specificity, and stability. The immunosensor could be used to detect H. pylori in serum samples with recoveries between 99 and 112%. It can provide a theoretical basis for the development of label-free electrochemical H. pylori immunosensors.