Electrochemical synthesis of graphene oxide/palladium composite for the detection of norepinephrine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid

In the present study, an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide/palladium-modified glassy carbon electrode (ERGO-Pd/GCE) was successfully synthesized by single-step electrodeposition and employed for the determination of norepinephrine (NE). The modified GCE exhibited enhanced sensitivity towards the simultaneous and selective determination of NE, uric acid (UA), and ascorbic acid (AA). The electrochemical performances were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CA). This sensor was also effective for the simultaneous detection of epinephrine (EP), UA, and AA. Moreover, the sensor showed outstanding long-term stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Thus, the electrochemical sensor developed in this study was successfully employed for real samples, such as human blood serum.