Crab gill–derived nanorod-like carbons as bifunctional electrochemical sensors for detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose

The development of simple, low-cost electrochemical sensors is of great important for the determination of food, clinical and environmental species. Biochar is suitable for the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to its advantages of stable, highly aromatic, carbon-rich, and eco-friendly. Herein, we developed a dual-mode sensor based on self-doped heteroatoms-based biochar for the sensitive detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by using crab gill as the carbon precursor through pyrolysis method. The pyrolyzed activated carbon has good electrocatalytic activity due to the intrinsic heteroatoms (N and O) and ions (Na, Cl). The proposed sensor showed excellent results for glucose and H₂O₂. Under optimized conditions, the sensor shows the wide linear rage from 0.1 to 50 mM and 0.15 to 12 mM for H₂O₂ and glucose, respectively. The sensitivities of H₂O₂ and glucose sensors are 38.80 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻² and 35.82 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻², with the detection limits of 50 and 150 μM, respectively. This study reveals the versatility and feasibility of the marine waste-based sensors, providing an eco-friendly material for the development of electrochemical sensors.