Background <p>Infections are the second leading cause of death in hemodialysis patients after cardiovascular diseases. A&#xa0;weakened immune system, permanent vascular access, frequent hospitalizations and comorbidities substantially increase the susceptibility to infections.</p> Objective <p>This article provides an up to date, practice-oriented overview of infectious complications in hemodialysis patients, focusing on catheter-related infections, arteriovenous access infections, urinary tract infections, viral hepatitis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</p> Material and methods <p>Narrative review based on the current literature, epidemiological data and guideline recommendations regarding the diagnostics, treatment and prevention of infection complications in dialysis-dependent patients.</p> Results <p>Catheter-associated infections are the most common focus of infection in hemodialysis patients. Key risk factors include long-term catheter use, biofilm formation and multidrug-resistant pathogens. Targeted antimicrobial therapy, aseptic techniques, lock solutions and the shunt placement are central to both treatment and prevention. Shunt infections are less frequent but occur more often with prosthetic grafts or buttonhole cannulation. Urinary tract infections are considered complicated in hemodialysis patients and require differentiated diagnostics and tailored antibiotic therapy. Viral hepatitis (hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus) remains a&#xa0;relevant issue, although modern antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies have led to progress. The COVID-19 is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients; vaccine responses are variable and require consistent boosters and hygiene strategies.</p> Discussion <p>Prevention of infections in hemodialysis patients requires a&#xa0;multimodal approach. Early creation of arteriovenous fistulas, hygiene training, surveillance programs, vaccinations and rational antibiotic therapy are essential.</p>