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<p>Driver distraction and inattention are major contributors to traffic accidents, making reliable real-time driver state detection essential for intelligent transportation systems. Although deep learning (DL) has significantly improved detection accuracy, conventional models remain computationally demanding and are often unsuitable for deployment on embedded or low-power hardware. To address these limitations, this study benchmarks seven lightweight architectures—Efficient-Tiny, ESPNetv2-Small, MCUNet, Micro-MobileNet, PhiNets, ShuffleNetLite, and SqueezeNetv11—within a unified evaluation framework tailored for embedded deployment. Experimental results demonstrate that ESPNetv2-Small and SqueezeNetv11 achieved the highest accuracies of 99.50% and 95.81%, with compact model sizes of 0.74&#xa0;MB and 0.33&#xa0;MB and inference speeds of 40.49&#xa0;FPS and 28.60&#xa0;FPS, respectively. Efficient-Tiny, despite its reduced footprint (0.43&#xa0;MB), reached 91.64% accuracy. These findings confirm that modern TinyDL architectures can deliver near state-of-the-art performance with minimal computational cost, offering a viable path toward energy-efficient, real-time driver monitoring in next-generation intelligent vehicles.</p>

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Tiny deep learning models for real-time and efficient embedded driver state detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月25日

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  • Siham Essahraui,
  • Abdussalam Elhanashi,
  • Qinghe Zheng,
  • Nawal Almutairi,
  • Sergio Saponara

摘要

Driver distraction and inattention are major contributors to traffic accidents, making reliable real-time driver state detection essential for intelligent transportation systems. Although deep learning (DL) has significantly improved detection accuracy, conventional models remain computationally demanding and are often unsuitable for deployment on embedded or low-power hardware. To address these limitations, this study benchmarks seven lightweight architectures—Efficient-Tiny, ESPNetv2-Small, MCUNet, Micro-MobileNet, PhiNets, ShuffleNetLite, and SqueezeNetv11—within a unified evaluation framework tailored for embedded deployment. Experimental results demonstrate that ESPNetv2-Small and SqueezeNetv11 achieved the highest accuracies of 99.50% and 95.81%, with compact model sizes of 0.74 MB and 0.33 MB and inference speeds of 40.49 FPS and 28.60 FPS, respectively. Efficient-Tiny, despite its reduced footprint (0.43 MB), reached 91.64% accuracy. These findings confirm that modern TinyDL architectures can deliver near state-of-the-art performance with minimal computational cost, offering a viable path toward energy-efficient, real-time driver monitoring in next-generation intelligent vehicles.