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Background <p>Loneliness represents a&#xa0;health risk for all age groups. It is associated with physical diseases (e.g., cardiovascular conditions) as well as mental disorders (e.g., depression) and is increasingly addressed as a&#xa0;societal challenge. From a&#xa0;prevention perspective, the identification of determinants is essential. Physical activity is considered a&#xa0;potentially modifiable protective factor. As both physical activity and loneliness fluctuate in everyday life, a&#xa0;dynamic approach is required. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and loneliness in daily life and to explore potential moderators of this relationship.</p> Methods <p>An ambulatory assessment design was applied with 49&#xa0;participants. Over four consecutive weekdays, participants completed four daily assessments via a&#xa0;smartphone app. Measures included momentary loneliness, the duration of physical activity during the preceding 4&#xa0;h, the social context of the activity, and affective experiences during physical activity. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear models.</p> Results <p>A&#xa0;greater duration of physical activity was associated with lower subsequent loneliness. Independent of activity duration, physical activity performed with others and physical activity that was experienced as positive were both associated with lower levels of loneliness. No interaction effects were observed.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings indicate a&#xa0;potential protective effect of physical activity on loneliness. Social aspects and positive affective experiences during physical activity appear to be relevant. Preventive interventions should therefore focus more on promoting socially embedded and positively experienced physical activity.</p>

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Nicht nur wie viel, sondern wie: Körperliche Aktivität, soziale und personale Faktoren und Einsamkeit

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Paulina Trapp,
  • Alexandra Markus,
  • Ines Pfeffer,
  • Christina Niermann

摘要

Background

Loneliness represents a health risk for all age groups. It is associated with physical diseases (e.g., cardiovascular conditions) as well as mental disorders (e.g., depression) and is increasingly addressed as a societal challenge. From a prevention perspective, the identification of determinants is essential. Physical activity is considered a potentially modifiable protective factor. As both physical activity and loneliness fluctuate in everyday life, a dynamic approach is required. The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and loneliness in daily life and to explore potential moderators of this relationship.

Methods

An ambulatory assessment design was applied with 49 participants. Over four consecutive weekdays, participants completed four daily assessments via a smartphone app. Measures included momentary loneliness, the duration of physical activity during the preceding 4 h, the social context of the activity, and affective experiences during physical activity. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear models.

Results

A greater duration of physical activity was associated with lower subsequent loneliness. Independent of activity duration, physical activity performed with others and physical activity that was experienced as positive were both associated with lower levels of loneliness. No interaction effects were observed.

Conclusion

The findings indicate a potential protective effect of physical activity on loneliness. Social aspects and positive affective experiences during physical activity appear to be relevant. Preventive interventions should therefore focus more on promoting socially embedded and positively experienced physical activity.