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<p>Pair programming is considered an effective collaborative strategy for developing computational thinking (CT), but its impact on K-12 students remains inconclusive. Employing a learning analytics approach, this study compares the effects of pair and solo programming on K-12 students’ CT skills, attitudes, and in-game behaviors. Two sixth-grade classes assigned to solo (<i>n</i> = 22) or pair programming (<i>n</i> = 21) groups participated in a six-week intervention using an online game-based learning environment. Both groups showed improvements in CT skills and attitudes, but the solo programming group achieved greater CT skill gains. In-game logs revealed solo programmers focused more on game creation and less on game remixing. The solo programmers also designed a more complex gameworld and used more coding blocks; however, the complexity of the programming codes remained similar between groups. These findings highlight the distinct benefits of each approach: solo programming fosters self-directed trial-and-error experimentation, while pair programming promotes collaboration and openness to diverse perspectives through shared exploration of others' creations.</p>

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Solo or Pair Programming for K-12 Students? Learning Outcomes and In-game Behaviors in a Game-Based Learning Environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月29日

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  • Hunhui Na,
  • Secil Caskurlu,
  • Curt G. Fulwider,
  • Bung-Woo Jun

摘要

Pair programming is considered an effective collaborative strategy for developing computational thinking (CT), but its impact on K-12 students remains inconclusive. Employing a learning analytics approach, this study compares the effects of pair and solo programming on K-12 students’ CT skills, attitudes, and in-game behaviors. Two sixth-grade classes assigned to solo (n = 22) or pair programming (n = 21) groups participated in a six-week intervention using an online game-based learning environment. Both groups showed improvements in CT skills and attitudes, but the solo programming group achieved greater CT skill gains. In-game logs revealed solo programmers focused more on game creation and less on game remixing. The solo programmers also designed a more complex gameworld and used more coding blocks; however, the complexity of the programming codes remained similar between groups. These findings highlight the distinct benefits of each approach: solo programming fosters self-directed trial-and-error experimentation, while pair programming promotes collaboration and openness to diverse perspectives through shared exploration of others' creations.