Online Assessments Among Diverse Students in Malaysia Higher Education: Self-Efficacy and Technology Awareness

Students from diverse backgrounds often face challenges that are not in parallel with the evolution of equitable assessments in higher education. Thus, this study employed the UTAUT model with the inclusion of additional constructs, namely self-efficacy and technology awareness, to examine the intention to use online assessments among diverse students in Malaysian higher education institutions. A quantitative study was conducted using an online survey. A total of 411 responses were collected from undergraduates in both public and private universities in Malaysia and analysed using partial least square-structural equation modelling. The main findings indicated that performance expectancy and resource-facilitating conditions have a significant impact on behavioural intention. This study also indicated that self-efficacy has a significant effect on performance expectancy and effort expectancy. In addition, this study highlighted that technology awareness positively moderates the relationship between effort expectancy, resource-facilitating conditions, and behaviour intention. This paper is expected to contribute to research on the use of online assessments focusing on self-efficacy and technology awareness among students with diverse backgrounds.