Abstract Previous studies reported baseline state-dependent effects on neural and hemodynamic responses to transcranial ultrasound stimulation. However, due to neurovascular coupling, neither neural nor hemodynamic baseline alone can fully explain the ultrasound-induced responses. In this study, using a general linear model, we aimed to investigate the roles of both neural and hemodynamic baseline status as well as their interactions in ultrasound-induced responses. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Hypoxia, Hyperoxia, and Normoxia groups. The baseline states were altered by changing the oxygen concentrations. Micro-electrode and laser speckle contrast imaging were used to record local field potentials and cerebral blood flow during resting, before, and after ultrasound stimulation, respectively. We found that baseline neural activity played a positive role in neural response (Coefficient = 0.634, t = 1.748, p = 0.096, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="24" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varvec{\eta _p^2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">η</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">2</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> = 0.133), but a negative role in hemodynamic response (Coefficient = <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0.060, t = <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>1.996, p = 0.060, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="24" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varvec{\eta _p^2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">η</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">2</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> = 0.166). Baseline hemodynamic activity also had a significantly negative correlation with the hemodynamic response (Coefficient = <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0.760, t = <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>3.947, p <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varvec{<}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo mathvariant="bold"><</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 0.001, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11517_2025_3290_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="24" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varvec{\eta _p^2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">η</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">2</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> = 0.438). This study enriched our understanding of state-dependent effects underlying the neurovascular activation by ultrasound stimulation. Graphical abstract GLM analysis to reveal the neurovascular state-dependent responses to TUS at different oxygen concentrations

State-dependent neurovascular modulation induced by transcranial ultrasound stimulation

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年1月28日

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Hang Song,
Ruoyu Chen,
Liyuan Ren,
Junfeng Sun,
Shanbao Tong

摘要

Abstract

Previous studies reported baseline state-dependent effects on neural and hemodynamic responses to transcranial ultrasound stimulation. However, due to neurovascular coupling, neither neural nor hemodynamic baseline alone can fully explain the ultrasound-induced responses. In this study, using a general linear model, we aimed to investigate the roles of both neural and hemodynamic baseline status as well as their interactions in ultrasound-induced responses. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Hypoxia, Hyperoxia, and Normoxia groups. The baseline states were altered by changing the oxygen concentrations. Micro-electrode and laser speckle contrast imaging were used to record local field potentials and cerebral blood flow during resting, before, and after ultrasound stimulation, respectively. We found that baseline neural activity played a positive role in neural response (Coefficient = 0.634, t = 1.748, p = 0.096, $\varvec{\eta _p^2}$ $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.133), but a negative role in hemodynamic response (Coefficient = $-$ $-$ 0.060, t = $-$ $-$ 1.996, p = 0.060, $\varvec{\eta _p^2}$ $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.166). Baseline hemodynamic activity also had a significantly negative correlation with the hemodynamic response (Coefficient = $-$ $-$ 0.760, t = $-$ $-$ 3.947, p $\varvec{<}$ $<$ 0.001, $\varvec{\eta _p^2}$ $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.438). This study enriched our understanding of state-dependent effects underlying the neurovascular activation by ultrasound stimulation.

Graphical abstract

GLM analysis to reveal the neurovascular state-dependent responses to TUS at different oxygen concentrations