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<p><i>C. striata</i> and <i>E. affinis</i> are abundantly available in Indonesia, yet their utilization remains limited to direct consumption or simple processing. This study evaluated the characteristics of their extract powders to support broader applications. Extracts were obtained through aqueous extraction and freeze-drying, then analyzed for biochemical composition, mineral content, and antioxidant activity. Advanced characterization included thermal stability (TGA/DSC), molecular studies (FTIR, XRD, XPS), and particle morphology (SEM, DLS, zeta potential). Results showed that <i>C. striata</i> exhibited higher thermal stability than <i>E. affinis</i>, with protein–peptide dominance and a heterogeneous structure, while <i>E. affinis</i> degraded more rapidly due to lipid–ester and phosphate predominance in a more homogeneous arrangement. FTIR revealed strong amide bands in <i>C. striata</i> and ester bands in <i>E. affinis</i>, whereas XPS confirmed differences in surface elements, particularly nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. XRD indicated an amorphous structure for <i>C. striata</i>, while <i>E. affinis</i> displayed sharp crystalline NaCl peaks. Morphological analysis showed that <i>C. striata</i> had smaller (80–150&#xa0;nm) and more stable particles (–24 to − 32 mV), while <i>E. affinis</i> exhibited larger particles (&gt; 500&#xa0;nm) with lower colloidal stability (–12 to − 18 mV). Biochemical profiling supported these findings: <i>E. affinis</i> was rich in osmolytes, aromatic peptides, SFA–MUFA, and minerals (Na, K, Se, I), whereas <i>C. striata</i> contained collagenic peptides, n-3 PUFA, Ca, Fe, and Mg. However, radical-based antioxidant capacity was higher in <i>E. affinis</i>, while <i>C. striata</i> exhibited better lipid oxidative stability. These differences highlight distinct application potentials, with <i>E. affinis</i> relevant as a source of bioactive peptides for tissue regeneration, while <i>C. striata</i> shows greater promise for oxidation-resistant applications in food, active packaging, and cosmetics.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Structural and Functional Characterization of Fish Extract Powders: a Comparative Study on Snakehead (Channa striata) and Kawakawa Tuna (Euthynnus affinis)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Budianto Budianto,
  • Silvia Hidayah,
  • Wahyudi Ari

摘要

C. striata and E. affinis are abundantly available in Indonesia, yet their utilization remains limited to direct consumption or simple processing. This study evaluated the characteristics of their extract powders to support broader applications. Extracts were obtained through aqueous extraction and freeze-drying, then analyzed for biochemical composition, mineral content, and antioxidant activity. Advanced characterization included thermal stability (TGA/DSC), molecular studies (FTIR, XRD, XPS), and particle morphology (SEM, DLS, zeta potential). Results showed that C. striata exhibited higher thermal stability than E. affinis, with protein–peptide dominance and a heterogeneous structure, while E. affinis degraded more rapidly due to lipid–ester and phosphate predominance in a more homogeneous arrangement. FTIR revealed strong amide bands in C. striata and ester bands in E. affinis, whereas XPS confirmed differences in surface elements, particularly nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. XRD indicated an amorphous structure for C. striata, while E. affinis displayed sharp crystalline NaCl peaks. Morphological analysis showed that C. striata had smaller (80–150 nm) and more stable particles (–24 to − 32 mV), while E. affinis exhibited larger particles (> 500 nm) with lower colloidal stability (–12 to − 18 mV). Biochemical profiling supported these findings: E. affinis was rich in osmolytes, aromatic peptides, SFA–MUFA, and minerals (Na, K, Se, I), whereas C. striata contained collagenic peptides, n-3 PUFA, Ca, Fe, and Mg. However, radical-based antioxidant capacity was higher in E. affinis, while C. striata exhibited better lipid oxidative stability. These differences highlight distinct application potentials, with E. affinis relevant as a source of bioactive peptides for tissue regeneration, while C. striata shows greater promise for oxidation-resistant applications in food, active packaging, and cosmetics.

Graphical Abstract