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<p>In this study, a double water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (DE-SeaB) and its freeze-dried powder (DEP-SeaB) were developed using sea buckthorn pomace lipophilic extract for co-encapsulation of vitamins C, B<sub>9</sub>, and D<sub>3</sub>. A double emulsion with rapeseed oil as the lipophilic phase was prepared as a control (DE-Rap and DEP-Rap, respectively). The impact of lipophilic phase type on the formation, stability, and properties of these double emulsions was examined. The fatty acid composition and other lipophilic substances present in sea buckthorn pomace extract resulted in an almost threefold increase in droplet size (d<sub>43</sub> = 132&#xa0;μm), an increase in the flow consistency index (ĸ = 208.90&#xa0;Pa·s<sup>n</sup>) and storage modulus (Gʹ = 1366.67&#xa0;Pa), and an improvement in the stability of vitamins C and B<sub>9</sub> over a 56-day storage period compared to the rapeseed oil double emulsion. At the end of the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion process, the bioaccessibility of vitamins C, B<sub>9</sub>, and D<sub>3</sub> were 10%, 67%, and ~ 100%, respectively, independent of the type of lipophilic phase. Freeze-drying of the double emulsion yielded a powder with highly stable vitamins B<sub>9</sub> and D<sub>3</sub> (~ 100%) but with a significant loss of vitamin C (40 − 60%). The high free oil content of the powder (42%) contributed to its low water solubility (22.46 − 28.15%) and may lead to a shorter shelf life and difficulties in practical application. Overall, the results demonstrate that a double emulsion developed with sea buckthorn pomace lipophilic extract is a more suitable matrix in liquid form than it lyophilized powder for the protection of vitamins during long-term storage.</p>

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Co-encapsulation of Vitamin C, B9 and D3 in the Double W/O/W Emulsion Composition: Emulsified vs Powdered Form

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月16日

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  • Erika Kižytė,
  • Ieva Bartkuvienė,
  • Ina Jasutienė,
  • Milda Keršienė,
  • Viktorija Eisinaitė,
  • Daiva Leskauskaitė

摘要

In this study, a double water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (DE-SeaB) and its freeze-dried powder (DEP-SeaB) were developed using sea buckthorn pomace lipophilic extract for co-encapsulation of vitamins C, B9, and D3. A double emulsion with rapeseed oil as the lipophilic phase was prepared as a control (DE-Rap and DEP-Rap, respectively). The impact of lipophilic phase type on the formation, stability, and properties of these double emulsions was examined. The fatty acid composition and other lipophilic substances present in sea buckthorn pomace extract resulted in an almost threefold increase in droplet size (d43 = 132 μm), an increase in the flow consistency index (ĸ = 208.90 Pa·sn) and storage modulus (Gʹ = 1366.67 Pa), and an improvement in the stability of vitamins C and B9 over a 56-day storage period compared to the rapeseed oil double emulsion. At the end of the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion process, the bioaccessibility of vitamins C, B9, and D3 were 10%, 67%, and ~ 100%, respectively, independent of the type of lipophilic phase. Freeze-drying of the double emulsion yielded a powder with highly stable vitamins B9 and D3 (~ 100%) but with a significant loss of vitamin C (40 − 60%). The high free oil content of the powder (42%) contributed to its low water solubility (22.46 − 28.15%) and may lead to a shorter shelf life and difficulties in practical application. Overall, the results demonstrate that a double emulsion developed with sea buckthorn pomace lipophilic extract is a more suitable matrix in liquid form than it lyophilized powder for the protection of vitamins during long-term storage.