Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Sibling, Peer, and Cyberbullying Victimisation in Algeria
摘要
Bullying victimisation is increasingly recognised as profoundly detrimental to the healthy and balanced development of young people. However, research examining the dynamics of bullying simultaneously across home, school, and online environments remains limited, mainly in North African settings. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of sibling, peer, and cyber victimisation among Algerian children aged 10 and 12 years (N = 1,841, 53.3% girls). Descriptive analyses indicated high levels of sibling victimisation: 37% of participants reported repeated physical aggression from siblings and 34.2% reported verbal sibling victimisation. At school, 17.9% experienced physical peer victimisation, while verbal (33.9%) and relational victimisation (30.3%) were more common. Cyber victimisation was less prevalent but still notable, ranging from 8.1% to 10.4% across indicators. Gender differences were more pronounced in peer and cyber contexts, with boys reporting higher levels, whereas sibling victimisation showed smaller gender differences. Children with disabilities were significantly more vulnerable across all victimisation indicators. Logistic Regression analyses identified several predictors of sibling victimisation. Girls and children living with their father had higher odds of experiencing physical and verbal sibling victimisation. In contrast, positive family processes, such as shared decision-making, parental responsiveness, and spending enjoyable time together, were associated with lower levels of sibling victimisation. Loneliness emerged as a strong risk factor, while perceptions of frequent peer conflict at school increased the likelihood of sibling victimisation. Strong associations between different forms of bullying suggest that victimisation experiences are interconnected across contexts. These findings highlight the importance of family relationships, school climate, and children’s emotional well-being in understanding and preventing bullying.