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<p>Nanosecond Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (ns-PLAL) was utilized as a surfactant-free route to synthesize mono- (Au, Ag), binary- (AuAg, AuPd), and ternary (AuAgPd) nanoparticles in ultrapure water. The physicochemical properties of the colloids were systematically investigated to elucidate the influence of alloying on optical and functional performance. Optical measurements showed a pronounced localized surface plasmon resonance for Ag nanoparticles, whereas Pd incorporation led to progressive plasmon damping in alloyed systems. Electron microscopy confirmed predominantly spherical to quasi-spherical nanostructures with moderate polydispersity, and X-ray diffraction indicated a crystalline face-centered cubic (FCC) phase for all compositions. Zeta-potential analysis revealed stable negatively charged colloids. High-speed imaging of the ablation process demonstrated strong laser–matter interaction characterized by shockwave formation and rapid particle ejection in the liquid environment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using Rhodamine 6G as a probe molecule showed signal enhancement for all nanoparticle systems, with Ag colloids exhibiting exceptional sensitivity and a detection limit down to 10⁻⁹ M, along with the first report of PLAL prepared ternary colloidal (AuAgPd) nanoparticle system towards R6G detection. Furthermore, antibacterial evaluation against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (resazurin assay) revealed superior antimicrobial activity for the ternary AuAgPd nanoparticles, achieving minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations as low as 2.3&#xa0;µg mL⁻¹ against E. coli. These findings demonstrate that PLAL-derived nanoparticles, provide ultrasensitive molecular detection, and strong antibacterial activity, highlighting their promise as multifunctional materials for sensing and environmental remediation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Comparative Study of Plasmonic Au-Ag-Pd Colloidal Nanoparticles via Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid for Ultrasensitive SERS Detection and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Abdul Subhan,
  • Soumya Columbus,
  • Karthigaimuthu Dharmalingam,
  • Dali Vilma Francis,
  • Abdel-Hamid Ismail Mourad

摘要

Nanosecond Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (ns-PLAL) was utilized as a surfactant-free route to synthesize mono- (Au, Ag), binary- (AuAg, AuPd), and ternary (AuAgPd) nanoparticles in ultrapure water. The physicochemical properties of the colloids were systematically investigated to elucidate the influence of alloying on optical and functional performance. Optical measurements showed a pronounced localized surface plasmon resonance for Ag nanoparticles, whereas Pd incorporation led to progressive plasmon damping in alloyed systems. Electron microscopy confirmed predominantly spherical to quasi-spherical nanostructures with moderate polydispersity, and X-ray diffraction indicated a crystalline face-centered cubic (FCC) phase for all compositions. Zeta-potential analysis revealed stable negatively charged colloids. High-speed imaging of the ablation process demonstrated strong laser–matter interaction characterized by shockwave formation and rapid particle ejection in the liquid environment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using Rhodamine 6G as a probe molecule showed signal enhancement for all nanoparticle systems, with Ag colloids exhibiting exceptional sensitivity and a detection limit down to 10⁻⁹ M, along with the first report of PLAL prepared ternary colloidal (AuAgPd) nanoparticle system towards R6G detection. Furthermore, antibacterial evaluation against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (resazurin assay) revealed superior antimicrobial activity for the ternary AuAgPd nanoparticles, achieving minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations as low as 2.3 µg mL⁻¹ against E. coli. These findings demonstrate that PLAL-derived nanoparticles, provide ultrasensitive molecular detection, and strong antibacterial activity, highlighting their promise as multifunctional materials for sensing and environmental remediation.

Graphical abstract