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<p>A series of tellurite glasses with chemical compositions (74.8-x) TeO<sub>2</sub>-15ZnO-10P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> -0.2Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> - xTiO<sub>2</sub> (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1&#xa0;mol %) were prepared by using conventional melt-quenching techniques and systematically characterized to study their structural, optical, and surface wetting properties. The density of the glasses fluctuated between 4.51 and 4.69&#xa0;g·cm<sup>−3</sup> with increasing TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs, reflecting variations in atomic masses, ionic sizes, and network crosslinking. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of all samples with broad halos observed at 20°–40°. FTIR spectra revealed structural transformation from TeO<sub>4</sub> to TeO<sub>3</sub> trigonal pyramids and the formation of an interconnected phosphate network, with characteristic bands at 623–633, 513–760, 926–930, 1047–1067, and 1317–1331&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>. TEM analysis confirmed semi-spherical TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs, well-dispersed with sizes of 6.57–20.76&#xa0;nm (average 12.85 ± 0.03&#xa0;nm), while HRTEM indicated lattice fringes of the (200) plane with d-spacing ~ 1.89&#xa0;Å. Optical studies showed bandgap energies (<i>E</i><sub><i>ind</i></sub>) varying from 3.61 to 3.48&#xa0;eV, and Urbach energies (<i>E</i><sub><i>U</i></sub>) between 0.49 and 0.74&#xa0;eV, depending on composition and TiO<sub>2</sub> content. Refractive indices ranged from 2.251 to 2.278, while molar refractivity increased from 19.33 to 22.91 cm<sup>3</sup> and electronic polarizability from 7.67 to 9.08 × 10<sup>–24</sup> cm<sup>3</sup> with TiO<sub>2</sub> addition. Nd<sup>3+</sup> absorption spectra exhibited ten transitions, with hypersensitive bands at 583 and 808&#xa0;nm, indicating strong covalent bonding. Luminescence under 748&#xa0;nm excitation showed emissions at 374, 493, 810, and 861&#xa0;nm, corresponding to up-conversion and down-conversion transitions. TiO<sub>2</sub> incorporation significantly increased the water contact angle from 75.55 ± 0.01° to 122.79 ± 0.01°, confirming enhanced hydrophobicity suitable for self-cleaning applications. These findings demonstrate that Nd<sup>3+</sup>-doped tellurite glass with TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs possess tunable structural, optical, and surface properties, making them promise for photonic devices and functional glass self-cleaning applications.</p>

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Structural, Optical and Hydrophobic Properties of Nd3⁺-Doped Tellurite Glasses Embedded with TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Self-Cleaning Application

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Hazhar H. Mustafa,
  • Saman Q. Mawlud,
  • Ahmed A. Ahmed,
  • Gailan A. Saber,
  • Aso F. Mohamed,
  • Hiwa L. Hamad

摘要

A series of tellurite glasses with chemical compositions (74.8-x) TeO2-15ZnO-10P2O5 -0.2Nd2O3 - xTiO2 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mol %) were prepared by using conventional melt-quenching techniques and systematically characterized to study their structural, optical, and surface wetting properties. The density of the glasses fluctuated between 4.51 and 4.69 g·cm−3 with increasing TiO2 NPs, reflecting variations in atomic masses, ionic sizes, and network crosslinking. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of all samples with broad halos observed at 20°–40°. FTIR spectra revealed structural transformation from TeO4 to TeO3 trigonal pyramids and the formation of an interconnected phosphate network, with characteristic bands at 623–633, 513–760, 926–930, 1047–1067, and 1317–1331 cm−1. TEM analysis confirmed semi-spherical TiO2 NPs, well-dispersed with sizes of 6.57–20.76 nm (average 12.85 ± 0.03 nm), while HRTEM indicated lattice fringes of the (200) plane with d-spacing ~ 1.89 Å. Optical studies showed bandgap energies (Eind) varying from 3.61 to 3.48 eV, and Urbach energies (EU) between 0.49 and 0.74 eV, depending on composition and TiO2 content. Refractive indices ranged from 2.251 to 2.278, while molar refractivity increased from 19.33 to 22.91 cm3 and electronic polarizability from 7.67 to 9.08 × 10–24 cm3 with TiO2 addition. Nd3+ absorption spectra exhibited ten transitions, with hypersensitive bands at 583 and 808 nm, indicating strong covalent bonding. Luminescence under 748 nm excitation showed emissions at 374, 493, 810, and 861 nm, corresponding to up-conversion and down-conversion transitions. TiO2 incorporation significantly increased the water contact angle from 75.55 ± 0.01° to 122.79 ± 0.01°, confirming enhanced hydrophobicity suitable for self-cleaning applications. These findings demonstrate that Nd3+-doped tellurite glass with TiO2 NPs possess tunable structural, optical, and surface properties, making them promise for photonic devices and functional glass self-cleaning applications.