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<p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) core-double shell nanoparticles (NPs) as a novel kind of broad-spectrum inorganic antimicrobial agents that are less toxic and have higher antimicrobial efficacy than traditional Ag, Cu and TiO₂ nanoparticles. This study investigates antibacterial properties and structural features of AgNPs, CuNPs, TiO₂NPs and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) core-double shell NPs, produced by using pulsed laser ablation process (PLAL), Nd: YAG laser with parameters (maximum energy 800&#xa0;mJ, 900 pulses, 1064&#xa0;nm, 9 ns, 1&#xa0;Hz) in Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. The synthesized nanoparticles Ag, Cu, TiO₂ and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) have been described by UV-vis spectroscopy, Xray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ag, Cu, TiO₂ and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) core-double shell NPs have been observed to aggregate into semi-spherical particles with mean particle sizes of 30&#xa0;nm for AgNPs, 12.7&#xa0;nm for CuNPs, 37.7&#xa0;nm for TiO₂ and 40&#xa0;nm for Cu@Ag@TiO₂ core-double shell NPs, according to TEM morphological results. Investigations have been done on gram-negative <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and gram-positive <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> bacteria to determine the antibacterial properties of different concentrations of the generated NPs. The maximum inhibition zone for the antibacterial activity of AgNPs, CuNPs, TiO₂NPs and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) NPs at 100% concentration has been found to be (23.12 ± 0.13&#xa0;mm, 18.21 ± 0.03&#xa0;mm, 16.12 ± 0.06&#xa0;mm, 26.12 ± 0.10&#xa0;mm) and (30.14 ± 0.10&#xa0;mm, 27.16 ± 0.09&#xa0;mm, 24.20 ± 0.02&#xa0;mm, 35.15 ± 0.09&#xa0;mm) for <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> bacteria respectively. It has been demonstrated by the biofilm inhibition result, core-double shell (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) NPs have a greater ability to eradicate bacteria than individual (Ag, Cu, TiO₂) NPs. (Ag, Cu, TiO₂ and Cu@Ag@TiO₂) NPs at low levels (6.25, 12.5, and 25&#xa0;µg mL⁻¹) have been found to be within the acceptable limits in the in vitro hemolytic rate test. This study evaluates the antioxidant capabilities of Cu@Ag@TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) using the DPPH assay to assess their free radical scavenging abilities. The scavenging percentages of DPPH radicals at various concentrations (6.25 to 100&#xa0;µg/mL) revealed that Cu@Ag@TiO₂NPs exhibited significantly higher scavenging rates (45% to 85%) compared to AgNPs, CuNPs, and TiO₂NPs. At concentrations of 75 and 100&#xa0;µg/mL, Cu@Ag@TiO₂NPs showed antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid. These findings indicate that Cu@Ag@TiO₂NPs enhance antioxidant activity.</p>

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Innovative Synthesis of Cu@Ag@TiO₂ Core-Double Shell Nanoparticles: A First in Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Milad N. A. Alghurabi,
  • Tahseen H. Mubarak,
  • Abdulhadi Kadhim Judran,
  • Buthenia A. Hasoon,
  • Kareem H. Jawad

摘要

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) core-double shell nanoparticles (NPs) as a novel kind of broad-spectrum inorganic antimicrobial agents that are less toxic and have higher antimicrobial efficacy than traditional Ag, Cu and TiO₂ nanoparticles. This study investigates antibacterial properties and structural features of AgNPs, CuNPs, TiO₂NPs and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) core-double shell NPs, produced by using pulsed laser ablation process (PLAL), Nd: YAG laser with parameters (maximum energy 800 mJ, 900 pulses, 1064 nm, 9 ns, 1 Hz) in Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. The synthesized nanoparticles Ag, Cu, TiO₂ and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) have been described by UV-vis spectroscopy, Xray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ag, Cu, TiO₂ and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) core-double shell NPs have been observed to aggregate into semi-spherical particles with mean particle sizes of 30 nm for AgNPs, 12.7 nm for CuNPs, 37.7 nm for TiO₂ and 40 nm for Cu@Ag@TiO₂ core-double shell NPs, according to TEM morphological results. Investigations have been done on gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive Streptococcus mutans bacteria to determine the antibacterial properties of different concentrations of the generated NPs. The maximum inhibition zone for the antibacterial activity of AgNPs, CuNPs, TiO₂NPs and (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) NPs at 100% concentration has been found to be (23.12 ± 0.13 mm, 18.21 ± 0.03 mm, 16.12 ± 0.06 mm, 26.12 ± 0.10 mm) and (30.14 ± 0.10 mm, 27.16 ± 0.09 mm, 24.20 ± 0.02 mm, 35.15 ± 0.09 mm) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans bacteria respectively. It has been demonstrated by the biofilm inhibition result, core-double shell (Cu@Ag@TiO₂) NPs have a greater ability to eradicate bacteria than individual (Ag, Cu, TiO₂) NPs. (Ag, Cu, TiO₂ and Cu@Ag@TiO₂) NPs at low levels (6.25, 12.5, and 25 µg mL⁻¹) have been found to be within the acceptable limits in the in vitro hemolytic rate test. This study evaluates the antioxidant capabilities of Cu@Ag@TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) using the DPPH assay to assess their free radical scavenging abilities. The scavenging percentages of DPPH radicals at various concentrations (6.25 to 100 µg/mL) revealed that Cu@Ag@TiO₂NPs exhibited significantly higher scavenging rates (45% to 85%) compared to AgNPs, CuNPs, and TiO₂NPs. At concentrations of 75 and 100 µg/mL, Cu@Ag@TiO₂NPs showed antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid. These findings indicate that Cu@Ag@TiO₂NPs enhance antioxidant activity.