Non-invasive Monitoring of Fractionated Serum Samples of Diabetes Mellitus Type-II Patients: Using SERS Along with Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques.
摘要
The diabetes mellitus type-II (T2DM) is a widespread metabolic disorder which is characterized by insulin related abnormalities. The blood serum contains crucial biochemical information that is vital for the early diagnosis of T2DM. The disease biomarkers are primarily found in the low molecular weight fraction (LMWF) proteins but their diagnostic potential is often suppressed by high molecular weight fraction (HMWF) proteins. Early detection of T2DM is particularly challenging due to the abundant presence of these HMWF proteins. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is used as a potential technique for studying biomolecular changes associated with the early detection of T2DM by using blood serum samples. For this purpose, the serum samples were centrifuged using Amicon ultra filter devices with a 30 kDa cutoff value, resulting two distinct fractions consisting of the filtrate containing LMWF and the residue consisting of HMWF. SERS analysis was then performed on the LMWF of biomolecules from both healthy individuals and patients with T2DM. Distinct SERS spectral bands were identified at 546, 573, 631, 949, 964, 1014, 1099, 1282, 1330, 1377, 1402, 1453, 1539, 1591, and 1626 cm−1 corresponding to small molecular weight fraction of biomolecules which can be considered biomarkers of this disease. Additionally, advanced chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of SERS in differentiating and classifying the SERS spectral groups of the serum samples of T2DM. The findings demonstrate that ultra-filtration of the blood serum samples with 30 kDa cutoff value enhance the capability of the SERS for the early detection and monitoring of biochemical changes associated with T2DM.