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<p>In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced via green route (<i>Momordica charantia</i> leaf extract) CLCB15 which is known for being safe and cost-effective in contrast to other approaches. The NPs developed were applied to the bitter gourd (<i>M. charantia</i>) seedlings (10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, and 50 mg/L) for a period of 7 days and their physiological response and growth (shoot length, root length, number of leaves), along with chlorophyll and carotenoids was evaluated. The developed NPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, zeta sizer (size and zeta potential), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added for fabrication of the AgNPs. The outcome revealed a size of AgNPs-PEG to be 9.6 ± 0.28<sup>b</sup> nm together with zeta potential of − 32.1 mV through zeta sizer, whereas TEM enclosed spherical NPs measuring between 4 and 17 nm. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band was exposed at 410 nm which certified its development. Moreover, FTIR assessment revealed the attached functional groups, whereas X-ray diffraction (XRD) validated its crystalline structure. Subsequently, the antibacterial characteristics were evaluated against pathogenic bacteria <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (CB008), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (CB003), and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (CB009) with varying intensities of AgNPs-PEG (10 to 150 µg/mL) that displayed a significant outcome. The zone of inhibitions (ZOI) increased with the increase in dosages and a maximum zone of 16.5 ± 0.16<sup>b</sup> mm was noted with <i>E. coli</i> at 150 µg/mL, while a minimum zone was measured at 50 µg/mL (1.5 ± 0.24<sup>b</sup> mm) against <i>S. aureus</i>. A promising outcome was achieved which proves that AgNPs-PEG can be utilized as antibacterial agents and they do not affect the growth of plants as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that was as performed later to observe the stress on bitter gourd plants. The AgNPs-PEG can be applied in a controlled amount which makes them appropriate for use in the biomedical sector and agricultural practices in future. Afterwards, the stability of the AgNPs-PEG was also tested for a time period of 6 months successfully and it was observed that the size, SPR band including zeta potential maintained its position and steadiness which is significant.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis and Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles via PEG: Characterization, Physiological Responses to Silver Stress, Antibacterial Activity and Its Stability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月9日

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  • Asma Shahzad,
  • Sara Hanif

摘要

In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced via green route (Momordica charantia leaf extract) CLCB15 which is known for being safe and cost-effective in contrast to other approaches. The NPs developed were applied to the bitter gourd (M. charantia) seedlings (10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, and 50 mg/L) for a period of 7 days and their physiological response and growth (shoot length, root length, number of leaves), along with chlorophyll and carotenoids was evaluated. The developed NPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, zeta sizer (size and zeta potential), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added for fabrication of the AgNPs. The outcome revealed a size of AgNPs-PEG to be 9.6 ± 0.28b nm together with zeta potential of − 32.1 mV through zeta sizer, whereas TEM enclosed spherical NPs measuring between 4 and 17 nm. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band was exposed at 410 nm which certified its development. Moreover, FTIR assessment revealed the attached functional groups, whereas X-ray diffraction (XRD) validated its crystalline structure. Subsequently, the antibacterial characteristics were evaluated against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (CB008), Escherichia coli (CB003), and Bacillus subtilis (CB009) with varying intensities of AgNPs-PEG (10 to 150 µg/mL) that displayed a significant outcome. The zone of inhibitions (ZOI) increased with the increase in dosages and a maximum zone of 16.5 ± 0.16b mm was noted with E. coli at 150 µg/mL, while a minimum zone was measured at 50 µg/mL (1.5 ± 0.24b mm) against S. aureus. A promising outcome was achieved which proves that AgNPs-PEG can be utilized as antibacterial agents and they do not affect the growth of plants as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that was as performed later to observe the stress on bitter gourd plants. The AgNPs-PEG can be applied in a controlled amount which makes them appropriate for use in the biomedical sector and agricultural practices in future. Afterwards, the stability of the AgNPs-PEG was also tested for a time period of 6 months successfully and it was observed that the size, SPR band including zeta potential maintained its position and steadiness which is significant.

Graphical Abstract