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<p>A new hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) based polarization independent directional coupler is proposed in this work. High-index InP, low-index SiO<sub>2</sub> and Ag layers stack to form the HPWG in which separate rectangular InP waveguides serve as the input–output ports of the coupler. The coupling process in the interaction region of the coupler is described mathematically using supermode theory and then the coupler is analyzed by three dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The coupler dimensions are optimized to have the minimum coupling length which makes appropriate balance between TE and TM modes ensuring polarization independence. We thoroughly examined the performance parameters like polarization-dependent loss (PDL), insertion loss, and isolation and analyzed the fabrication tolerance of the proposed coupler. With a coupling length of 4.465&#xa0;µm the coupler achieves coupling efficiencies of 94.53% for TE mode and 97.73% for TM mode leading to a PDL of 0.145&#xa0;dB. The TE mode experiences an insertion loss of 0.244&#xa0;dB while for the TM mode it is 0.1&#xa0;dB. The isolations for TM and TE modes are 16.96&#xa0;dB and 12.86&#xa0;dB respectively, indicating minimum unwanted power leakage. Across the wavelength from 1520 to 1580&#xa0;nm, minimal variation of the coupling factor, PDL, insertion loss, and isolation for TM and TE modes are observed suggesting insensitivity of the coupler to a wide bandwidth.</p>

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Low Loss, Broadband and Polarization-Independent Hybrid-Plasmonic-Waveguide-Based Directional Coupler

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月21日

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  • Nisadur Rahman,
  • Hasan Khaled Rouf

摘要

A new hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) based polarization independent directional coupler is proposed in this work. High-index InP, low-index SiO2 and Ag layers stack to form the HPWG in which separate rectangular InP waveguides serve as the input–output ports of the coupler. The coupling process in the interaction region of the coupler is described mathematically using supermode theory and then the coupler is analyzed by three dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The coupler dimensions are optimized to have the minimum coupling length which makes appropriate balance between TE and TM modes ensuring polarization independence. We thoroughly examined the performance parameters like polarization-dependent loss (PDL), insertion loss, and isolation and analyzed the fabrication tolerance of the proposed coupler. With a coupling length of 4.465 µm the coupler achieves coupling efficiencies of 94.53% for TE mode and 97.73% for TM mode leading to a PDL of 0.145 dB. The TE mode experiences an insertion loss of 0.244 dB while for the TM mode it is 0.1 dB. The isolations for TM and TE modes are 16.96 dB and 12.86 dB respectively, indicating minimum unwanted power leakage. Across the wavelength from 1520 to 1580 nm, minimal variation of the coupling factor, PDL, insertion loss, and isolation for TM and TE modes are observed suggesting insensitivity of the coupler to a wide bandwidth.