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<p>Early detection of liver carcinoma is considered very important to overcome the growing mortalities worldwide. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly potential diagnostic technique for accurate analysis of 100&#xa0;kDa filtrate portions of liver carcinoma patients. In this research work, blood serum samples were analyzed which contain low molecular weight fraction (LMWF) and high molecular weight fraction (HMWF) of biomolecules but later suppressed the earlier which are considered as disease biomarkers. However, the ultra-centrifugal devices having cut off values of 100&#xa0;kDa are found to be useful to separate biomolecules on the basis of their molecular weight in the form of filtrate, with molecular weight less than 100 KDa and residue with molecular weight greater than 100 KDa. The chemometric tools including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied for the classification and differentiation of spectral data of filtrate samples of healthy and different stages of liver carcinoma. The significant SERS bands appeared at 655, 908, 955, 1127, 1250, and 1323&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> are directly associated with the progression of liver carcinoma disease.</p>

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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Blood Serum Samples of Liver Carcinoma Patients Using 100 kDa Filtration Devices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月10日

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  • Saima Afzal,
  • Seher Nawabzadi,
  • Haq Nawaz,
  • Muhammad Irfan Majeed,
  • Hanen Karamti,
  • Muhammad Hafeez Ullah,
  • Habiba Shahid,
  • Muntaha Saleem,
  • Rabia Tariq,
  • Ayesha Saif,
  • Sana Mehmood,
  • Aneela Falak Sher,
  • Rafia Atta,
  • Munazza Hakeem,
  • Muhammad Imran

摘要

Early detection of liver carcinoma is considered very important to overcome the growing mortalities worldwide. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly potential diagnostic technique for accurate analysis of 100 kDa filtrate portions of liver carcinoma patients. In this research work, blood serum samples were analyzed which contain low molecular weight fraction (LMWF) and high molecular weight fraction (HMWF) of biomolecules but later suppressed the earlier which are considered as disease biomarkers. However, the ultra-centrifugal devices having cut off values of 100 kDa are found to be useful to separate biomolecules on the basis of their molecular weight in the form of filtrate, with molecular weight less than 100 KDa and residue with molecular weight greater than 100 KDa. The chemometric tools including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied for the classification and differentiation of spectral data of filtrate samples of healthy and different stages of liver carcinoma. The significant SERS bands appeared at 655, 908, 955, 1127, 1250, and 1323 cm−1 are directly associated with the progression of liver carcinoma disease.