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<p>The presented work focused on a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based urinary tract infection (UTI) biosensor operating on the principle of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) combined with black phosphorus (BP) layers as a plasmonic enhancer to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. There are three types of bacteria that can cause UTI: <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, whose refractive indices are already available in various experimental literatures and having magnitudes 1.371, 1.388, and 1.3921, respectively. The analysis is carry forwarded by applying the finite element method (FEM)-based simulation software-COMSOL Multiphysics. The PCF structure comprises TiO<sub>2</sub>, gold, and BP layers, forming a plasmonic layer conjugate along with square air holes running along its length. The analysis also contains the comparison of the sensor’s performance with and without incorporating the BP layers, which shows that the wavelength sensitivity increases exponentially. When the sensor is composed without the BP layers, the wavelength sensitivity for different types of bacteria is 2361.11, 2924.52, and 3239.92&#xa0;nm/RIU, whereas when the BP layers are placed on the top of the gold layer, the wavelength sensitivity goes as high as 5138.88, 7264.15, and 8936.69&#xa0;nm/RIU. This shows an increase in the sensitivity by much more than 50%, which helps our PCF biosensor stand out as an effective alternative among other designed UTI-focused sensors.</p>

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Black Phosphorus-Based SPR Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor for Urinary Tract Infection Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月26日

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  • Plakshi Gupta,
  • Akash Khamaru,
  • Ajeet Kumar

摘要

The presented work focused on a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based urinary tract infection (UTI) biosensor operating on the principle of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) combined with black phosphorus (BP) layers as a plasmonic enhancer to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. There are three types of bacteria that can cause UTI: Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis, whose refractive indices are already available in various experimental literatures and having magnitudes 1.371, 1.388, and 1.3921, respectively. The analysis is carry forwarded by applying the finite element method (FEM)-based simulation software-COMSOL Multiphysics. The PCF structure comprises TiO2, gold, and BP layers, forming a plasmonic layer conjugate along with square air holes running along its length. The analysis also contains the comparison of the sensor’s performance with and without incorporating the BP layers, which shows that the wavelength sensitivity increases exponentially. When the sensor is composed without the BP layers, the wavelength sensitivity for different types of bacteria is 2361.11, 2924.52, and 3239.92 nm/RIU, whereas when the BP layers are placed on the top of the gold layer, the wavelength sensitivity goes as high as 5138.88, 7264.15, and 8936.69 nm/RIU. This shows an increase in the sensitivity by much more than 50%, which helps our PCF biosensor stand out as an effective alternative among other designed UTI-focused sensors.