<p>Heavy metal poisoning of clean water has recently raised greater environmental and worldwide health issues as a result of industrial and technological advancements. Because of their extreme toxicity, cadmium ions (CIs) are the most hazardous of all. Examining these ions in water has therefore become a fundamentally important matter. Here, a novel photo-detector utilizing a faulty photonic structure composed of Si and SiO2 sheets is proposed for determining the concentration of CIs in water. The periodic layers are separated by a defective gap. Various amounts of CIs can be used to enter the testing sample into the defective gap. The transfer matrix procedure is used to examine the transmittance spectra assets. To achieve optimal photo-detector performance, the effects of input angle (TM and TE modes), faulty gap thickness, number of periods, and central wavelength are carefully examined. The proposed structure achieves an ultra-high sensitivity of 2623.38 nm/RIU, which is not possible for several recently published structures in the same region. Additionally, the recommended photo-detector has a soft detection limit of 2.38 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2881_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times {10}^{-5}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> RIU, a great figure of merit of 87,446.34 RIU<sup>−1</sup>, and an exceptional quality factor of 62,581.4. The intended detector also features a tunable structure, low cost, real-accurate recognition, and an easy-to-use design, all of which are favorable attributes for the industrial scheme by using a low-cost product nanofabrication technology. These enhancements make the planned photo-sensor a viable and useful tool for determining the levels of CIs in water, and it can be used in a variety of chemical and biological applications.</p>

An Accurate Discovery of Poisonous Cadmium Ions in Water Using Innovative Binary Photonic Nanostructure-Based Photo-Detector

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发表日期：

2025年3月19日

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Malek G. Daher,
Mohd Mahadi Halim,
Naser M. Ahmed,
Mahmoud M. A. Eid

摘要

Heavy metal poisoning of clean water has recently raised greater environmental and worldwide health issues as a result of industrial and technological advancements. Because of their extreme toxicity, cadmium ions (CIs) are the most hazardous of all. Examining these ions in water has therefore become a fundamentally important matter. Here, a novel photo-detector utilizing a faulty photonic structure composed of Si and SiO2 sheets is proposed for determining the concentration of CIs in water. The periodic layers are separated by a defective gap. Various amounts of CIs can be used to enter the testing sample into the defective gap. The transfer matrix procedure is used to examine the transmittance spectra assets. To achieve optimal photo-detector performance, the effects of input angle (TM and TE modes), faulty gap thickness, number of periods, and central wavelength are carefully examined. The proposed structure achieves an ultra-high sensitivity of 2623.38 nm/RIU, which is not possible for several recently published structures in the same region. Additionally, the recommended photo-detector has a soft detection limit of 2.38 $\times {10}^{-5}$ $\times 10^{- 5}$ RIU, a great figure of merit of 87,446.34 RIU⁻¹, and an exceptional quality factor of 62,581.4. The intended detector also features a tunable structure, low cost, real-accurate recognition, and an easy-to-use design, all of which are favorable attributes for the industrial scheme by using a low-cost product nanofabrication technology. These enhancements make the planned photo-sensor a viable and useful tool for determining the levels of CIs in water, and it can be used in a variety of chemical and biological applications.