<p>Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) resonance sensing is theoretically controlled and modified at the interface of four-level dielectric medium and graphene using intensity interrogation technique. The intensity interrogation of sensitivity of the SPPs is written as <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2832_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${dI}/{dn_d}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">dI</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>d</mi> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A significant manipulation over the sensitivity of the SPPs is reported with driving field parameters, such as probe and control field detuning, Rabi frequency, and decay rate. The sensitivity is a function of probe field detuning and Rabi frequency. The maximum value of sensitivity of the SPPs is investigated to be 2200 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2832_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Wm^{-2}/RIU$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>I</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with probe field detuning as well as Rabi frequency, while the minimum value of sensitivity of the SPPs is noted to be 350 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2832_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Wm^{-2}/RIU$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>I</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with decay rate. The reported results in this paper show useful applications in biosensor, plasmonster, solar cell, and sensing technology.</p>

Coherent Manipulation of the Surface Plasmon Polaritons at the Interface of Dielectric Medium and Graphene Using Intensity Interrogation Technique

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发表日期：

2025年3月7日

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Qaisar Khan,
Meraj Ali Khan,
Ibrahim Aldayel

摘要

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) resonance sensing is theoretically controlled and modified at the interface of four-level dielectric medium and graphene using intensity interrogation technique. The intensity interrogation of sensitivity of the SPPs is written as ${dI}/{dn_d}$ $dI / d n_{d}$ . A significant manipulation over the sensitivity of the SPPs is reported with driving field parameters, such as probe and control field detuning, Rabi frequency, and decay rate. The sensitivity is a function of probe field detuning and Rabi frequency. The maximum value of sensitivity of the SPPs is investigated to be 2200 $Wm^{-2}/RIU$ $W m^{- 2} / R I U$ with probe field detuning as well as Rabi frequency, while the minimum value of sensitivity of the SPPs is noted to be 350 $Wm^{-2}/RIU$ $W m^{- 2} / R I U$ with decay rate. The reported results in this paper show useful applications in biosensor, plasmonster, solar cell, and sensing technology.