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<p>This study presents a biosensor design integrating graphene and gold metasurfaces for enhanced hemoglobin detection. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity of up to 700 GHzRIU<sup>−1</sup> in the 1.34–1.43 refractive index range, with a figure of merit of 3.867 RIU<sup>-1</sup> and a quality factor of 11.751. Performance analysis across varying graphene chemical potentials, incident angles and resonator dimensions demonstrates optimal operating conditions for hemoglobin detection. The sensor exhibits frequency shifts of 100 GHz and 200 GHz in the 1.3–1.8 THz and 1.9–2.4 THz ranges respectively, indicating high detection precision. K-nearest neighbors regression analysis validates the sensor’s performance with 100% R<sup>2</sup> accuracy across all tested parameters. These results demonstrate significant improvements over existing designs, making this sensor particularly suitable for precise hemoglobin detection in clinical applications.</p>

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Ultra-sensitive Terahertz Hemoglobin Detection Using Graphene-Enhanced Metasurface Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors Optimized with K-Nearest Neighbors Regression Machine Learning

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月12日

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  • Jacob Wekalao,
  • Ngaira Mandela,
  • Gideon Mwendwa,
  • Oumaymah Elamri,
  • Alla Eddine Toubal Maamar

摘要

This study presents a biosensor design integrating graphene and gold metasurfaces for enhanced hemoglobin detection. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity of up to 700 GHzRIU−1 in the 1.34–1.43 refractive index range, with a figure of merit of 3.867 RIU-1 and a quality factor of 11.751. Performance analysis across varying graphene chemical potentials, incident angles and resonator dimensions demonstrates optimal operating conditions for hemoglobin detection. The sensor exhibits frequency shifts of 100 GHz and 200 GHz in the 1.3–1.8 THz and 1.9–2.4 THz ranges respectively, indicating high detection precision. K-nearest neighbors regression analysis validates the sensor’s performance with 100% R2 accuracy across all tested parameters. These results demonstrate significant improvements over existing designs, making this sensor particularly suitable for precise hemoglobin detection in clinical applications.