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<p>In this study, we present the detection of hemoglobin states using numerical and experimental methods via surface plasmon resonance (SPR), as an alternative to traditional techniques in the Soret band of hemoglobin. Utilizing a Kretschmann configuration, we excited surface plasmon polaritons through angular modulation to detect and analyze hemoglobin states, specifically oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. The numerical analysis involved various thin films, including gold and gold-graphene, illuminated by a 433-nm wavelength laser. The results indicated a notable shift in the SPR angular reflectivity spectra between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin across the different substrates. Experimentally, we immobilized hemoglobin on a gold film using the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique and exposed it to a P-polarized 433-nm laser diode. By applying sodium bicarbonate, we converted deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin, minimizing CO<sub>2</sub>’s environmental impact. The SPR angular reflectivity spectra for the gold thin film revealed a 0.10° difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, unaffected by varying sodium bicarbonate concentrations. The sensor demonstrated consistent repeatability in distinguishing oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin with a 1% error margin. The numerical findings for the gold substrate thin film, showing a 0.08° shift, were in close agreement with the experimental data. Also, one separate experiment using S-polarized laser light at the wavelength of 433 nm showed no excitation of surface plasmon polaritons.</p>

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Numerical Optimization of a SPR-based Biosensor for Experimental Detection of Hemoglobin Analogies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月19日

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  • Shahad Ahmed Abd-Alameer,
  • Ebrahim Safari,
  • Samad Roshanentezar

摘要

In this study, we present the detection of hemoglobin states using numerical and experimental methods via surface plasmon resonance (SPR), as an alternative to traditional techniques in the Soret band of hemoglobin. Utilizing a Kretschmann configuration, we excited surface plasmon polaritons through angular modulation to detect and analyze hemoglobin states, specifically oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. The numerical analysis involved various thin films, including gold and gold-graphene, illuminated by a 433-nm wavelength laser. The results indicated a notable shift in the SPR angular reflectivity spectra between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin across the different substrates. Experimentally, we immobilized hemoglobin on a gold film using the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique and exposed it to a P-polarized 433-nm laser diode. By applying sodium bicarbonate, we converted deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin, minimizing CO2’s environmental impact. The SPR angular reflectivity spectra for the gold thin film revealed a 0.10° difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, unaffected by varying sodium bicarbonate concentrations. The sensor demonstrated consistent repeatability in distinguishing oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin with a 1% error margin. The numerical findings for the gold substrate thin film, showing a 0.08° shift, were in close agreement with the experimental data. Also, one separate experiment using S-polarized laser light at the wavelength of 433 nm showed no excitation of surface plasmon polaritons.