Ultra-Sensitive Prism-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Utilizing Lead Molybdate and BlueP/TDMC Nanocomposites for Early Malaria Detection

Development of selective diagnostic tools for malaria detection is crucial for early diagnosis and to provide effective disease management in rural areas, particularly in endemic areas. This work presents a highly sensitive biosensor for detecting malaria in its early stages by using the surface plasmonic resonance concept. The sensor is built using a prism-based Kretschmann configuration. The sensor layers are incorporated by considering SF10 prism as the substrate, and the metal layer undergoes optimization to choose the best metal. The sensor uses lead molybdate ( \(PbMo{O}_{4}\) $PbMo{O}_4$ ) as the dielectric layer, which is known for its superior electro-optic properties. The next layer has hybrid nanomaterials like \(BlueP/W{S}_{2}\) $BlueP/W{S}_2$ , \(BlueP/Mo{S}_{2}\) $BlueP/Mo{S}_2$ , \(BlueP/W{Se}_{2}\) $BlueP/W{\mathit{Se}}_2$ , and \(BlueP/Mo{Se}_{2}\) $BlueP/Mo{\mathit{Se}}_2$ to further enhance the sensitivity and biocompatibility and further to increase the surface area for molecular binding. Analytical performance evaluation is considered based on sensitivity, resonance angle, quality factor, and detection accuracy. The optimized sensor was able to achieve a sensitivity of 366.0804 \(^\circ /RIU\) $_{}^{\circ }/RIU$ and QF of 170.068 \({RIU}^{-1}\) ${\mathit{RIU}}^{-1}$ , limit of detection of 0.0000126073, detection accuracy of 4.451, and a high penetration depth of 780 nm. A comparative study is done to present the advantages of the proposed sensor over the existing work. This biosensor is a viable diagnostic tool for malaria detection and control.