Three-Dimensional Atomic Localization in \(\Lambda \)-Type System via Tunable Surface Plasmon Polaritons

A theoretical investigation was conducted on the localization of atoms in three dimensions (3D) using tunable surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) produced on a silver (Ag) layer surface connected to a three-level \(\Lambda \) $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ -type atom (87 Rb) embedded inside a dielectric medium. High-precision 3D localization was investigated using the absorption spectra of the SPPs. Two spherical-like and many atom localizations with probabilities distributed over the entire volume have been reported. The position of atoms is controlled by the proper tuning of parameters. The findings of this study might be potentially used in the areas of nanolithography, atom lithography, and nanophotonics.