Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Graphene Material–Based Reconfigurable Antennas for Advanced Environmental Monitoring Applications

This paper presents surface plasmon polaritons in graphene material–based reconfigurable antennae for advanced environmental monitoring applications. The antenna consists of multiple elements which are made up of graphene material. It enhances the antenna’s performance, enabling tunability and adaptability in response to environmental conditions. Additionally, the defective ground structure has been incorporated into the antenna characteristics that contribute to improving the radiation patterns and frequency selectivity. The proposed antenna is excited through a silver nanostrip feedline coupled through vias to the radiated elements. The antenna is resonating at 5.046 THz, with a bandwidth of 7.611 \(\mathbf{\%}\) $\%$ (5.21–4.828 THz). The reconfigurable antenna provides an acceptable limit of directivity along with high efficiency. Here, the reconfigurability is obtained by disabling and enabling the topmost radiating elements systematically. Moreover, the resonant frequency can be adjusted by modifying the external biasing voltage applied to the graphene material. The antenna generates the higher-order \({\mathrm{TM}}_{65}\) ${\mathrm{TM}}_{65}$ mode. Furthermore, a parametric analysis has been conducted to achieve impedance matching and antenna tuning by changing the external bias voltage applied to graphene elements. The proposed reconfigurable antenna system demonstrates promising capabilities for versatile environmental sensing applications including monitoring parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pollutant levels.