<p>In this paper, we mainly establish some congruences involving binomial coefficients and Apéry-like numbers, for example, we prove the following result which was conjectured by Z.-H. Sun: Let <i>p</i> &gt; 3 be a prime. Then<Equation ID="Equ1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\left(\begin{array}{c}2k\\ k\end{array}\right)\frac{W_k}{(-12)^k}\equiv\begin{cases}L^2-2p\;({\rm{mod}}\;p^2) &amp; {\rm{if}}\;p\equiv1\;({\rm{mod}}\;3)\;\&amp; \;4p=L^2+27M^2,\\0\;({\rm{mod}}\;p^2) &amp; {\rm{if}}\;p\equiv2\;({\rm{mod}}\;3),\end{cases}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable columnspacing="1em" rowspacing="4pt"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>12</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>k</mi> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>≡</mo> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false" rowspacing=".2em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>p</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">&amp;</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>4</mn> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>27</mn> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>p</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" /> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation> where <i>L</i>, <i>M</i> are integers and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(W_n=\sum\begin{array}{c}\lfloor\frac{n}{3}\rfloor\\k=0\end{array}\left(\begin{array}{c}2k\\ k\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}3k\\k\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}n\\ 3k\end{array}\right)(-3)^{n-3k}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <mtable columnspacing="1em" rowspacing="4pt"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⌊</mo> <mfrac> <mi>n</mi> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⌋</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable columnspacing="1em" rowspacing="4pt"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable columnspacing="1em" rowspacing="4pt"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>3</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable columnspacing="1em" rowspacing="4pt"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>n</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>3</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are the second kind Apéry-like numbers.</p>

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Proof of Some Conjectural Congruences Involving Binomial Coefficients and Apéry-like Numbers

  • Guoshuai Mao

摘要

In this paper, we mainly establish some congruences involving binomial coefficients and Apéry-like numbers, for example, we prove the following result which was conjectured by Z.-H. Sun: Let p > 3 be a prime. Then \(\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\left(\begin{array}{c}2k\\ k\end{array}\right)\frac{W_k}{(-12)^k}\equiv\begin{cases}L^2-2p\;({\rm{mod}}\;p^2) & {\rm{if}}\;p\equiv1\;({\rm{mod}}\;3)\;\& \;4p=L^2+27M^2,\\0\;({\rm{mod}}\;p^2) & {\rm{if}}\;p\equiv2\;({\rm{mod}}\;3),\end{cases}\) k = 0 p 1 ( 2 k k ) W k ( 12 ) k { L 2 2 p ( m o d p 2 ) i f p 1 ( m o d 3 ) & 4 p = L 2 + 27 M 2 , 0 ( m o d p 2 ) i f p 2 ( m o d 3 ) , where L, M are integers and \(W_n=\sum\begin{array}{c}\lfloor\frac{n}{3}\rfloor\\k=0\end{array}\left(\begin{array}{c}2k\\ k\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}3k\\k\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}n\\ 3k\end{array}\right)(-3)^{n-3k}\) W n = n 3 k = 0 ( 2 k k ) ( 3 k k ) ( n 3 k ) ( 3 ) n 3 k are the second kind Apéry-like numbers.