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<p>The Persian Gulf has long served as a critical gateway within the maritime Silk Road, yet the structural relationships among its Islamic-period ports remain insufficiently examined. This study reconstructs the commercial and cultural networks of six key settlements—Siraf, Sohar, Julfar, Kush, Bilad al-Qadim, and Kish—by integrating archaeological ceramic assemblages with historical sources and quantitative analysis. Ceramic data from major excavations and regional typological studies were systematically standardized according to provenance categories and chronological phases. Using Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient, the study evaluates inter-port synchrony, trade intensity, and shifts in regional economic hierarchies between the second and eighth centuries Anno Hegirae (AH) (8th–fourteenth centuries Current Era [CE]). The results reveal distinct temporal clusters: an early Islamic network centered on Siraf, Sohar, and Kush; a middle-phase axis dominated by Kish and Bilad al-Qadim; and a later commercial realignment characterized by the rise of Julfar. Kish emerges as a major redistribution hub for luxury commodities during the 6th–seventh centuries AH (12th–thirteenth centuries CE), while Siraf and Sohar exhibit strong alignment during the Abbasid commercial zenith. The findings demonstrate how ceramic provenance patterns capture broader geopolitical and economic transitions in the western Indian Ocean. By combining comparative typology with statistical modelling, this research offers a replicable framework for analyzing inter-port connectivity and contributes new insights into the dynamics of medieval Persian Gulf trade networks.</p>

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Reconstructing Maritime Trade Networks in the Islamic-Period Persian Gulf: A Comparative Ceramic Provenance and Inter-port Correlation Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Asiye Nakhaei,
  • Seyyed Rasool Mousavi Haji

摘要

The Persian Gulf has long served as a critical gateway within the maritime Silk Road, yet the structural relationships among its Islamic-period ports remain insufficiently examined. This study reconstructs the commercial and cultural networks of six key settlements—Siraf, Sohar, Julfar, Kush, Bilad al-Qadim, and Kish—by integrating archaeological ceramic assemblages with historical sources and quantitative analysis. Ceramic data from major excavations and regional typological studies were systematically standardized according to provenance categories and chronological phases. Using Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient, the study evaluates inter-port synchrony, trade intensity, and shifts in regional economic hierarchies between the second and eighth centuries Anno Hegirae (AH) (8th–fourteenth centuries Current Era [CE]). The results reveal distinct temporal clusters: an early Islamic network centered on Siraf, Sohar, and Kush; a middle-phase axis dominated by Kish and Bilad al-Qadim; and a later commercial realignment characterized by the rise of Julfar. Kish emerges as a major redistribution hub for luxury commodities during the 6th–seventh centuries AH (12th–thirteenth centuries CE), while Siraf and Sohar exhibit strong alignment during the Abbasid commercial zenith. The findings demonstrate how ceramic provenance patterns capture broader geopolitical and economic transitions in the western Indian Ocean. By combining comparative typology with statistical modelling, this research offers a replicable framework for analyzing inter-port connectivity and contributes new insights into the dynamics of medieval Persian Gulf trade networks.