<p>Ecological management zoning is essential for balancing conservation and development in ecologically fragile regions. However, research is still needed to improve the effectiveness of ecological management zoning. This study develops an integrated framework that couples landscape ecological risk (LER) and ecological resilience (ER) to delineate functional zones on the Loess Plateau (LP), China. LER was quantified using the ecosystem service supply–demand ratio and landscape disturbance metrics, while ER was assessed through resistance, adaptability, and recovery indices. Spatial dynamics of LER and ER from 2010 to 2022 were analyzed, and five management zones—protection, control, prevention, restoration, and adaptation zones—were identified. Results indicate that (1) LER increased continuously, expanding mainly in the central eastern LP due to intensified land use and fragmentation; (2) ER improved overall, shifting from a pattern of clustered high values to a more dispersed distribution, suggesting enhanced system resilience but greater spatial heterogeneity; (3) the proportions of ecological control and restoration zones increased, whereas protection, prevention, and adaptation zones all showed slight contractions, indicating a general trend of decoupling between LER and ER; and (4) geographical detector analysis showed that precipitation, temperature, population density, and per capita cropland area are the main determinants of spatial differentiation of LER and ER. The proposed LER–ER coupling framework in this study refines ecological management zoning and provides practical guidance for adaptive land use governance in semi-arid landscapes.</p>