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<p>Understanding the scale-dependent dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) and their socio-ecological drivers is essential for sustainable development. While many studies rely on static or single-scale approaches, this research employs an integrated multi-temporal (2000–2020) and multi-scale (grid, county, and landscape levels) framework to investigate China’s Central Asian frontier, a representative dryland region. We quantified six ESs: habitat quality (HQ), net primary productivity (NPP), carbon sequestration (CS), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), and grain production (GP). Furthermore, we explored their interrelationships and identified the drivers influencing these services across different spatial scales. Our results revealed divergent ES trajectories: the declining HQ (−0.03 a<sup>−1</sup>), NPP (−0.43 t km<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup>), and SC (−3.41 t ha a<sup>−1</sup>) contrasted with rising WY (+2.33 mm a<sup>−1</sup>), GP (+0.06 t km<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup>), and CS (+0.02 t km<sup>−2</sup> a<sup>−1</sup>). The ES relationships were predominantly synergistic, while HQ–WY exhibited a trade-off (grid: −0.03; county: −0.02; landscape: −0.03) at temporal dimension but a synergistic relationship (grid: 0.45; county: 0.92; landscape: 0.92) at spatial dimension. As spatial scale increased, SC–CS shifted from synergy (grid: 0.001) to trade-off (county: −0.01; landscape: −0.005) in the temporal dimension, while all trade-off relationships in the spatial dimension were transformed into synergies. Key drivers of ES relationships varied with spatial scale: fraction vegetation coverage (FVC) and leaf area index (LAI) at the grid scale, annual precipitation (MAP) and soil moisture (SMA) at the county scale, and population density (POP), gross domestic product (GDP), and silt content (Silt) at the landscape scale. Based on the multi-scale findings, the study divides northern Xinjiang into Grain Priority Region, Ecological Priority Region, and Desert Containment Region, and proposes tailored management recommendations, offering a flexible framework for balancing ecological and socioeconomic needs.</p>

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Unraveling multi-scale interactions and socioecological drivers of ecosystem services in drylands: Pathways to sustainable management in northern Xinjiang, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Ning He,
  • Laiming Huang,
  • Ming’an Shao

摘要

Understanding the scale-dependent dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) and their socio-ecological drivers is essential for sustainable development. While many studies rely on static or single-scale approaches, this research employs an integrated multi-temporal (2000–2020) and multi-scale (grid, county, and landscape levels) framework to investigate China’s Central Asian frontier, a representative dryland region. We quantified six ESs: habitat quality (HQ), net primary productivity (NPP), carbon sequestration (CS), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), and grain production (GP). Furthermore, we explored their interrelationships and identified the drivers influencing these services across different spatial scales. Our results revealed divergent ES trajectories: the declining HQ (−0.03 a−1), NPP (−0.43 t km−2 a−1), and SC (−3.41 t ha a−1) contrasted with rising WY (+2.33 mm a−1), GP (+0.06 t km−2 a−1), and CS (+0.02 t km−2 a−1). The ES relationships were predominantly synergistic, while HQ–WY exhibited a trade-off (grid: −0.03; county: −0.02; landscape: −0.03) at temporal dimension but a synergistic relationship (grid: 0.45; county: 0.92; landscape: 0.92) at spatial dimension. As spatial scale increased, SC–CS shifted from synergy (grid: 0.001) to trade-off (county: −0.01; landscape: −0.005) in the temporal dimension, while all trade-off relationships in the spatial dimension were transformed into synergies. Key drivers of ES relationships varied with spatial scale: fraction vegetation coverage (FVC) and leaf area index (LAI) at the grid scale, annual precipitation (MAP) and soil moisture (SMA) at the county scale, and population density (POP), gross domestic product (GDP), and silt content (Silt) at the landscape scale. Based on the multi-scale findings, the study divides northern Xinjiang into Grain Priority Region, Ecological Priority Region, and Desert Containment Region, and proposes tailored management recommendations, offering a flexible framework for balancing ecological and socioeconomic needs.