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<p>Urban spatial morphology (USM) optimization is critical to balancing biodiversity conservation and sustainable urbanization. However, previous studies predominantly focused on the socio-economic efficiency and static ecological metrics and rarely addressed the dynamic USM optimization across spatial scales. Here, we developed a multi-level ecological network (MEN) framework to resolve the tension between urban expansion and ecological integrity. By integrating the cost-weighted distance analysis with a hierarchical network transmission mechanism, we established a cross-scale spatial optimization system, which coordinated the regional ecological corridors and local habitat patches. Comparative experiments with conventional single-scale approaches and scenario simulations using the PLUS model show that the MEN framework had superior performance in three dimensions: (1) spatial governance: the primary-level network (peri-urban natural reserves) effectively contained urban sprawl, and the secondary-level network (intra-urban green corridors) mitigated habitat fragmentation and improved the built-environment; (2) scenario robustness: the model maintained an optimal compactness-loose balance in multiple development pathways; (3) landscape metrics: patch fragmentation decreased by 18.25%, and the internal landscape richness improved by 10.66% compared to the scenario without USM optimization. The findings provide new insight to establish a hierarchical ecological optimization framework as a nature-based spatial protocol to reconcile metropolitan growth with landscape sustainability.</p>

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Spatial morphology optimization for reconciling urban expansion with ecological integrity based on a multi-level ecological network framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

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  • Jie Lu,
  • Sheng Jiao,
  • Xingli Chen

摘要

Urban spatial morphology (USM) optimization is critical to balancing biodiversity conservation and sustainable urbanization. However, previous studies predominantly focused on the socio-economic efficiency and static ecological metrics and rarely addressed the dynamic USM optimization across spatial scales. Here, we developed a multi-level ecological network (MEN) framework to resolve the tension between urban expansion and ecological integrity. By integrating the cost-weighted distance analysis with a hierarchical network transmission mechanism, we established a cross-scale spatial optimization system, which coordinated the regional ecological corridors and local habitat patches. Comparative experiments with conventional single-scale approaches and scenario simulations using the PLUS model show that the MEN framework had superior performance in three dimensions: (1) spatial governance: the primary-level network (peri-urban natural reserves) effectively contained urban sprawl, and the secondary-level network (intra-urban green corridors) mitigated habitat fragmentation and improved the built-environment; (2) scenario robustness: the model maintained an optimal compactness-loose balance in multiple development pathways; (3) landscape metrics: patch fragmentation decreased by 18.25%, and the internal landscape richness improved by 10.66% compared to the scenario without USM optimization. The findings provide new insight to establish a hierarchical ecological optimization framework as a nature-based spatial protocol to reconcile metropolitan growth with landscape sustainability.