<p>The results of the 2022–2025 study conducted for the vulnerability assessment of pastures and for the development of improvement measures on the degraded land sections in the arid and semi-arid provinces of the Caucasus under the global climate change conditions are introduced in the current article. The main goal of our scientific work is to study and assess the current ecological and resource state of natural phytocenoses, pastures and hayfields in the arid and semi-arid landscapes under climate change. The paper presents the results of determining the areas and levels of degradation of the natural biogeocenoses and biogeocenoses of the pastures and hayfields in the mountain and highland landscapes. The results were obtained using remote sensing, field and laboratory studies and analyses. The conducted studies have revealed that along 34,174.5 ha pasture and 1342.0 meadows areas of the pastures at the Areni, Yeghegis, Yeghegnadzor and Vayq consolidated administrative territories situated in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Vayots Dzor Region high degradation was recorded in about 6508 hectares of pasture and 407 hectares of meadows areas, which is related to irregular and uncontrolled economic mismanagement of the local population and global climate change. To improve the ecological condition, accessibility and quality of ecosystem services of the pastures, hayfields and natural meadows, comprehensive restoration bioecological and agrotechnical measures have been proposed. They are aimed at improving the air, water and nutrient regimes of soils, at their bioprotection, as well as at the general increase in area and at improving the economic characteristics of the vegetation cover. Such measures on the ecosystem basis are appropriate in the context of enriching the qualitative composition of plants with useful ecological and economic bioecological characteristics, taking into account the characteristics of landscapes, weather and climatic conditions, and agricultural opportunities.</p>