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<p>The historicity of China’s first state-level government (the Xia Dynasty), during which a Great Flood is claimed to have swept through the core of northern China, remains a well-known yet unresolved issue. Archaeologists hypothesize a connection between the legendary events of the Xia Dynasty and archaeological discoveries in the Central China Plains cultural area, encompassing late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Henan’s Longshan, Xinzhai, Erlitou, and Erligang. The authenticity of these speculations has been challenging to substantiate due to the lack of systematic evidence for the Great Flood in the middle to lower Yellow River (YR) Basin. In this paper, we present high-resolution hydrological environmental proxy data, sedimentological remains, and paleontological evidence from the central North China Plain. Our findings provide isochronous evidence of the termination of a hundred-year-long flood period dated to approximately 2080±216 BC, consistent with the observations from lower YR flood plain and marginal marine sediments. These findings both spatially and temporally overlap with the framework of the Great Flood described in the Chinese classics. The alignment between the geoscientific and archaeological evidence and the information in the Chinese classics provides robust confirmation that the Great Flood occurred in the middle to lower YR region during the late Longshan era.</p>

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Authenticity of the Great Flood during the late Longshan era

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Hantao Ni,
  • Fei Tian,
  • Xiujia Huan,
  • Yong Wang,
  • Jie Cheng,
  • Lupeng Yuan,
  • Peiyi Yao,
  • Chunxia Zhang

摘要

The historicity of China’s first state-level government (the Xia Dynasty), during which a Great Flood is claimed to have swept through the core of northern China, remains a well-known yet unresolved issue. Archaeologists hypothesize a connection between the legendary events of the Xia Dynasty and archaeological discoveries in the Central China Plains cultural area, encompassing late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Henan’s Longshan, Xinzhai, Erlitou, and Erligang. The authenticity of these speculations has been challenging to substantiate due to the lack of systematic evidence for the Great Flood in the middle to lower Yellow River (YR) Basin. In this paper, we present high-resolution hydrological environmental proxy data, sedimentological remains, and paleontological evidence from the central North China Plain. Our findings provide isochronous evidence of the termination of a hundred-year-long flood period dated to approximately 2080±216 BC, consistent with the observations from lower YR flood plain and marginal marine sediments. These findings both spatially and temporally overlap with the framework of the Great Flood described in the Chinese classics. The alignment between the geoscientific and archaeological evidence and the information in the Chinese classics provides robust confirmation that the Great Flood occurred in the middle to lower YR region during the late Longshan era.