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<p>In this study, a series of interface shear tests were conducted using a self-designed multifunctional shear apparatus. The effects of constant normal stiffness, initial normal stress, and relative density on the interface mechanical responses were systematically analyzed. The results show that the interface behaviour is dominated by the interface area, where concentrated particle-structure interactions occur. Samples with higher constant normal stiffness exhibit an adaptive increase in initial normal stress during shearing, enhancing the peak shear stress and inhibiting shear dilatancy. Meanwhile, samples with higher relative density exhibit more significant particle displacement and dilatancy. The small-strain shear modulus is primarily governed by the stress level. As the initial normal stress increases, the small-strain shear modulus increases. The phase transformation lines, peak envelopes, and residual envelopes of samples with different&#xa0;relative densities&#xa0;show consistent slopes. Particle breakage increases with constant normal stiffness and initial normal stress but decreases with relative density. Particle displacement is concentrated in the interface area during the sand-structure interaction process. The horizontal displacement of particles in interface area is consistent with the direction of structural movement, while vertical displacement exhibits shear dilatancy characteristics. These findings can provide a technical reference for the design and stability analysis of deep underground structures.</p>

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Coupling effects of multiple factors on sand-structure interface behaviour for deep underground space

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Xiao-Hu Zhang,
  • Han-Lin Wang,
  • Yue-Hui Sun,
  • Cheng-Shuang Yin,
  • Xiang-Shen Fu,
  • Yi-Fei He

摘要

In this study, a series of interface shear tests were conducted using a self-designed multifunctional shear apparatus. The effects of constant normal stiffness, initial normal stress, and relative density on the interface mechanical responses were systematically analyzed. The results show that the interface behaviour is dominated by the interface area, where concentrated particle-structure interactions occur. Samples with higher constant normal stiffness exhibit an adaptive increase in initial normal stress during shearing, enhancing the peak shear stress and inhibiting shear dilatancy. Meanwhile, samples with higher relative density exhibit more significant particle displacement and dilatancy. The small-strain shear modulus is primarily governed by the stress level. As the initial normal stress increases, the small-strain shear modulus increases. The phase transformation lines, peak envelopes, and residual envelopes of samples with different relative densities show consistent slopes. Particle breakage increases with constant normal stiffness and initial normal stress but decreases with relative density. Particle displacement is concentrated in the interface area during the sand-structure interaction process. The horizontal displacement of particles in interface area is consistent with the direction of structural movement, while vertical displacement exhibits shear dilatancy characteristics. These findings can provide a technical reference for the design and stability analysis of deep underground structures.