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<p>Vacuum preloading for soft soil foundation improvement often induces significant lateral deformation and associated risks in the ground outside the reinforcement zone, whereas existing passive measures struggle to effectively control the evolving deformation. This study proposes a new active-control technique, graded loading of deformation-coordinated airbags (GLDCA). Airbags pre-installed along the outer side of the sealing trench are pressurized in stages in coordination with the vacuum preloading, so that the outward displacement associated with airbag expansion counteracts the inward deformation induced by vacuum. Laboratory model tests with systematic monitoring of drainage volume and rate, water content, ground-surface settlement, and surface and deep lateral displacements show that GLDCA substantially reduces external deformation relative to a reference case without airbags: at a distance of 150&#xa0;mm from the reinforcement-zone boundary, the maximum surface lateral displacement is reduced by up to 61.4%, and the maximum settlement on the airbag side is reduced by approximately 12%. Based on elastic–plastic cylindrical cavity-expansion theory, this study developed an analytical model to quantify soil rebound induced by airbag expansion, and proposed design procedures for airbag length, radius, spacing, and graded loading strategy. The proposed method enables active control of lateral deformation during vacuum preloading and may be useful where adjacent structures are sensitive to ground movement.</p>

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Graded loading of deformation-coordinated airbags to control lateral deformation of surrounding soil in vacuum preloading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Yajun Wu,
  • Zhehao Hu,
  • Yitian Lu,
  • Chang Liu,
  • Qian Zhang,
  • Xudong Zhang

摘要

Vacuum preloading for soft soil foundation improvement often induces significant lateral deformation and associated risks in the ground outside the reinforcement zone, whereas existing passive measures struggle to effectively control the evolving deformation. This study proposes a new active-control technique, graded loading of deformation-coordinated airbags (GLDCA). Airbags pre-installed along the outer side of the sealing trench are pressurized in stages in coordination with the vacuum preloading, so that the outward displacement associated with airbag expansion counteracts the inward deformation induced by vacuum. Laboratory model tests with systematic monitoring of drainage volume and rate, water content, ground-surface settlement, and surface and deep lateral displacements show that GLDCA substantially reduces external deformation relative to a reference case without airbags: at a distance of 150 mm from the reinforcement-zone boundary, the maximum surface lateral displacement is reduced by up to 61.4%, and the maximum settlement on the airbag side is reduced by approximately 12%. Based on elastic–plastic cylindrical cavity-expansion theory, this study developed an analytical model to quantify soil rebound induced by airbag expansion, and proposed design procedures for airbag length, radius, spacing, and graded loading strategy. The proposed method enables active control of lateral deformation during vacuum preloading and may be useful where adjacent structures are sensitive to ground movement.