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<p>Acid stimulation is widely used to enhance fluid extraction from carbonate reservoirs. However, the understanding of wormhole propagation and the impact of multi-field coupling (hydro-mechanical-chemical, HMC) on acidizing processes remains limited. This study presents a modified HMC coupled model to simulate the interaction between acid flow, rock dissolution, and mechanical deformation in carbonate rocks. The model is combined with the two-scale continuum method to capture the coupled behaviors of seepage, stress, and chemical corrosion. Results from numerical simulations indicate that the coupling effect of seepage–stress at higher injection rates has a greater impact on the effective acid penetration than the uncoupled condition. Furthermore, based on the basic corrosion theory, this study proposes a porosity diffusion coefficient for the evolution effect of wormholes caused by insoluble substances during the acid stimulation. The larger the porosity diffusion coefficient is, the greater the blocking effect of the insoluble substance. Consequently, the dissolution mode changes from the wormhole pattern to the conical or face dissolution pattern. This study provides a novel insight into acid stimulation in carbonate reservoirs, with implications for better management of geothermal energy and hydrocarbon extraction processes.</p>

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A novel hydro-mechanical-chemical coupled model considering the transport of insoluble substances for acid stimulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月22日

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  • Chao Chen,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Ya-Jun Cao,
  • Shifan Liu,
  • Xiaoli Liu,
  • Wanqing Shen

摘要

Acid stimulation is widely used to enhance fluid extraction from carbonate reservoirs. However, the understanding of wormhole propagation and the impact of multi-field coupling (hydro-mechanical-chemical, HMC) on acidizing processes remains limited. This study presents a modified HMC coupled model to simulate the interaction between acid flow, rock dissolution, and mechanical deformation in carbonate rocks. The model is combined with the two-scale continuum method to capture the coupled behaviors of seepage, stress, and chemical corrosion. Results from numerical simulations indicate that the coupling effect of seepage–stress at higher injection rates has a greater impact on the effective acid penetration than the uncoupled condition. Furthermore, based on the basic corrosion theory, this study proposes a porosity diffusion coefficient for the evolution effect of wormholes caused by insoluble substances during the acid stimulation. The larger the porosity diffusion coefficient is, the greater the blocking effect of the insoluble substance. Consequently, the dissolution mode changes from the wormhole pattern to the conical or face dissolution pattern. This study provides a novel insight into acid stimulation in carbonate reservoirs, with implications for better management of geothermal energy and hydrocarbon extraction processes.