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<p>General relativity (GR) faces challenges from cosmic acceleration and observational tensions, necessitating stringent tests at cosmological scales. In this work, we probe GR deviations via a <i>μ</i>-Σ modified gravity parameterization, integrating KiDS-Legacy weak lensing (WL) data (1347 deg<sup>2</sup>, <i>z</i> ⩽ 2.0), joint cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck, ACT, and SPT, DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillation, and DES-Dovekie supernova data. KiDS-Legacy significantly improves constraint precision: <i>μ</i><sub>0</sub> (matter clustering) by ∼60% and Σ<sub>0</sub> (gravitational light deflection) by ∼43% relative to CMB alone. In the ΛCDM background, <i>μ</i><sub>0</sub> = 0.21 ± 0.21 is consistent with GR, while Σ<sub>0</sub> = 0.149 ± 0.051 deviates from GR at the 3.0<i>σ</i> level. Furthermore, within the observationally preferred <i>w</i><sub>0</sub><i>w</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>CDM background, this deviation in gravitational light deflection persists at the 2.2<i>σ</i> level. This deviation is likely driven by the higher amplitudes in the large-scale CMB lensing measurements. This precise separation of GR-consistent matter clustering and deviant light deflection provides key observational clues for new physics or data systematics. Our work underscores the critical role of synergizing high-precision CMB and WL data in advancing GR tests.</p>

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Evidence for deviation in gravitational light deflection from general relativity at cosmological scales with KiDS-Legacy and CMB lensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Guo-Hong Du,
  • Tian-Nuo Li,
  • Tonghua Liu,
  • Jing-Fei Zhang,
  • Xin Zhang

摘要

General relativity (GR) faces challenges from cosmic acceleration and observational tensions, necessitating stringent tests at cosmological scales. In this work, we probe GR deviations via a μ-Σ modified gravity parameterization, integrating KiDS-Legacy weak lensing (WL) data (1347 deg2, z ⩽ 2.0), joint cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck, ACT, and SPT, DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillation, and DES-Dovekie supernova data. KiDS-Legacy significantly improves constraint precision: μ0 (matter clustering) by ∼60% and Σ0 (gravitational light deflection) by ∼43% relative to CMB alone. In the ΛCDM background, μ0 = 0.21 ± 0.21 is consistent with GR, while Σ0 = 0.149 ± 0.051 deviates from GR at the 3.0σ level. Furthermore, within the observationally preferred w0waCDM background, this deviation in gravitational light deflection persists at the 2.2σ level. This deviation is likely driven by the higher amplitudes in the large-scale CMB lensing measurements. This precise separation of GR-consistent matter clustering and deviant light deflection provides key observational clues for new physics or data systematics. Our work underscores the critical role of synergizing high-precision CMB and WL data in advancing GR tests.