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<p>Bloch oscillations (BOs) were commonly implemented in periodic lattice structures. Recently, the engineering of synthetic dimension lattices enables the flexible experimental realization of analog BOs. However, ensuring the long-term robust operation of BOs has always been a challenging task. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate the long-lived BOs in a synthetic frequency dimension via employing polarization-dependent phase modulation within a mode-locked laser. There are two orthogonally polarized components—optical solitons and an ultrashort pulse array (USPA)—that stably operate in the laser cavity. The frequency BOs manifest within the USPA, which continually acquires sub-pulses from solitons to resist the intracavity loss. We show that the ratio of sub-pulse separation within USPA and cavity round-trip time acts as a constant effective force in yielding frequency BOs. Furthermore, we reveal the inherent dynamical interference properties of BOs. Our work not only provides a novel scheme for achieving long-lived BOs by overcoming the dissipative decay that fundamentally limits previous implementations, but also establishes a versatile platform for exploring non-equilibrium wave dynamics in synthetic dimensions, with direct applications in ultrafast spectral manipulation.</p>

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Long-lived frequency Bloch oscillations in a vector mode-locked laser

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Xiankun Yao,
  • Chong Liu,
  • Li-Chen Zhao,
  • Zhan-Ying Yang,
  • Wen-Li Yang

摘要

Bloch oscillations (BOs) were commonly implemented in periodic lattice structures. Recently, the engineering of synthetic dimension lattices enables the flexible experimental realization of analog BOs. However, ensuring the long-term robust operation of BOs has always been a challenging task. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate the long-lived BOs in a synthetic frequency dimension via employing polarization-dependent phase modulation within a mode-locked laser. There are two orthogonally polarized components—optical solitons and an ultrashort pulse array (USPA)—that stably operate in the laser cavity. The frequency BOs manifest within the USPA, which continually acquires sub-pulses from solitons to resist the intracavity loss. We show that the ratio of sub-pulse separation within USPA and cavity round-trip time acts as a constant effective force in yielding frequency BOs. Furthermore, we reveal the inherent dynamical interference properties of BOs. Our work not only provides a novel scheme for achieving long-lived BOs by overcoming the dissipative decay that fundamentally limits previous implementations, but also establishes a versatile platform for exploring non-equilibrium wave dynamics in synthetic dimensions, with direct applications in ultrafast spectral manipulation.