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<p>Early detection and localization of gravitational waves (GWs) are essential for identifying electromagnetic (EM) counterparts, playing a key role in multi-messenger astronomy. However, second-generation (2G) ground-based detectors are most sensitive to frequencies of tens to hundreds of hertz, limiting the in-band duration of GW signals to <i>O</i>(0.1) to several tens of seconds. This constraint hinders early-warning capabilities and early localization. We present the first theoretical study on how eccentricity-induced higher harmonic modes, which enter the detector band significantly earlier than the dominant mode, enhance early detection and localization in a 2G detector network. By decomposing each harmonic mode in the frequency domain and tracking their sequential entry into the detector band, we analyze the evolution of the average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and localization accuracy as functions of time-to-merger. For a GW170817-like BNS, an eccentricity of <i>e</i><sub>0</sub> = 0.4 at 10 Hz allows the signal to reach SNR 4 and the detection threshold of SNR 8 approximately 12 and 5 min before merger, respectively—gains of 4.5 and 1.5 min over the circular case. Localization within 1000(100)deg<sup>2</sup> is achievable 5 (1) min before merger, improving by 2 min (15 s). Our results highlight the potential of eccentricity-induced higher harmonics in improving early warnings and localization, particularly for BNS mergers, enhancing the prospects for multi-messenger astronomy.</p>

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Enhancing early detection and localization of gravitational waves via eccentricity-induced higher harmonic modes with 2G detector networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Tao Yang,
  • Rong-Gen Cai,
  • Zhoujian Cao,
  • Hyung Mok Lee

摘要

Early detection and localization of gravitational waves (GWs) are essential for identifying electromagnetic (EM) counterparts, playing a key role in multi-messenger astronomy. However, second-generation (2G) ground-based detectors are most sensitive to frequencies of tens to hundreds of hertz, limiting the in-band duration of GW signals to O(0.1) to several tens of seconds. This constraint hinders early-warning capabilities and early localization. We present the first theoretical study on how eccentricity-induced higher harmonic modes, which enter the detector band significantly earlier than the dominant mode, enhance early detection and localization in a 2G detector network. By decomposing each harmonic mode in the frequency domain and tracking their sequential entry into the detector band, we analyze the evolution of the average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and localization accuracy as functions of time-to-merger. For a GW170817-like BNS, an eccentricity of e0 = 0.4 at 10 Hz allows the signal to reach SNR 4 and the detection threshold of SNR 8 approximately 12 and 5 min before merger, respectively—gains of 4.5 and 1.5 min over the circular case. Localization within 1000(100)deg2 is achievable 5 (1) min before merger, improving by 2 min (15 s). Our results highlight the potential of eccentricity-induced higher harmonics in improving early warnings and localization, particularly for BNS mergers, enhancing the prospects for multi-messenger astronomy.