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<p>We propose a novel criterion to identify the first-order QCD phase transition and the critical end-point (CEP) via directly the net-proton number fluctuations measured in relativistic heavy-ion collision (RHIC) experiments. Using this method, we show that there has not yet been a direct signal of the CEP of QCD according to the currently available data accumulated in the beam energy scan experiments with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11433_2024_2619_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="99" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}\;\geqslant\;7.7\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow> <mtext>NN</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </msqrt> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>⩾</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>7.7</mn> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> GeV. However, there is still a possibility for the CEP to appear in the matter generated by the collisions with energy below 7.7 GeV, and its identification requires future measurements with high statistics for the high-order cumulants at low collision energies.</p>

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Revealing the signal of QCD phase transition in heavy-ion collisions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月6日

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  • Yi Lu,
  • Fei Gao,
  • Xiaofeng Luo,
  • Lei Chang,
  • Yuxin Liu

摘要

We propose a novel criterion to identify the first-order QCD phase transition and the critical end-point (CEP) via directly the net-proton number fluctuations measured in relativistic heavy-ion collision (RHIC) experiments. Using this method, we show that there has not yet been a direct signal of the CEP of QCD according to the currently available data accumulated in the beam energy scan experiments with \(\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}\;\geqslant\;7.7\) s NN ⩾ 7.7 GeV. However, there is still a possibility for the CEP to appear in the matter generated by the collisions with energy below 7.7 GeV, and its identification requires future measurements with high statistics for the high-order cumulants at low collision energies.