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<p>The simultaneous modulation of electric and optical properties in graphene is essential for advancing high-performance applications in optoelectronics. However, achieving <i>in-situ</i> control of multiple electric and optical states in graphene devices remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a versatile and reversible electric-field control of organic-ion intercalation from bilayer to pentalayer graphene. Through simultaneous optical imaging and electric measurements, we reveal multiple physical states controlled by the layer-by-layer intercalation processes, resulting in both high transparency and high electric conductance with an increase in the number of intercalated layers. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the intercalated graphene maintains a high carrier concentration without lattice degradation. Moreover, Hall effect measurements reveal that the carrier density can reach approximately 1.5 × 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> per layer. The ability to synchronously control the transparency and conductance states by adjusting the number of ion-intercalated layers highlights the potential of multistate modulation for the development of advanced optoelectronic devices in two-dimensional materials.</p>

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Gate-controlled multistate modulation in few-layer graphene via layer-by-layer ion intercalation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月21日

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  • Siyi Zhou,
  • Shaorui Li,
  • Yongchao Wang,
  • Chenglin Yu,
  • Yayu Wang,
  • Jinsong Zhang

摘要

The simultaneous modulation of electric and optical properties in graphene is essential for advancing high-performance applications in optoelectronics. However, achieving in-situ control of multiple electric and optical states in graphene devices remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a versatile and reversible electric-field control of organic-ion intercalation from bilayer to pentalayer graphene. Through simultaneous optical imaging and electric measurements, we reveal multiple physical states controlled by the layer-by-layer intercalation processes, resulting in both high transparency and high electric conductance with an increase in the number of intercalated layers. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the intercalated graphene maintains a high carrier concentration without lattice degradation. Moreover, Hall effect measurements reveal that the carrier density can reach approximately 1.5 × 1014 cm−2 per layer. The ability to synchronously control the transparency and conductance states by adjusting the number of ion-intercalated layers highlights the potential of multistate modulation for the development of advanced optoelectronic devices in two-dimensional materials.