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<p>This article presents a Stackelberg mean-field game (MFG)-based approach for the decentralized collective control of a large-scale population of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, aiming to achieve grid balancing. We first give the thermodynamic model of HVAC systems in detail and build a Stackelberg MFG framework. On this basis, we derive a decentralized control strategy at the number of participants <i>N</i> → ∞ and achieve the (<i>ε</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>ε</i><sub>2</sub>)-Stackelberg equilibrium. Finally, this paper validates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategies through simulations under various weight coefficients and initial conditions.</p>

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Stackelberg mean field game-based decentralized collective control for large-scale population of HVACs under grid balancing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Yuexi Zhang,
  • Shaohua Yang,
  • Tielong Shen

摘要

This article presents a Stackelberg mean-field game (MFG)-based approach for the decentralized collective control of a large-scale population of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, aiming to achieve grid balancing. We first give the thermodynamic model of HVAC systems in detail and build a Stackelberg MFG framework. On this basis, we derive a decentralized control strategy at the number of participants N → ∞ and achieve the (ε1, ε2)-Stackelberg equilibrium. Finally, this paper validates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategies through simulations under various weight coefficients and initial conditions.