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<p>The space environment, particularly highly reactive atomic oxygen (AO), often causes performance degradation and accelerated wear of solid-lubricating materials used in aerospace applications. In this study, an <i>in situ</i> oxygen-passivated WS<sub>2</sub> lubricating film (W–S–Ti–O composite film) was deposited to withstand AO irradiation. The structural and tribological evolution of the film was examined after a six-month space exposure experiment conducted outside the Chinese Space Station. The results show that <i>in situ</i> oxygen passivation of sulfur vacancies in the WS<sub>2</sub> film promoted the formation of a dominant WS<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub> phase within the W–S–Ti–O composite film. This phase effectively suppressed excessive WO<sub>3</sub> formation during prolonged AO exposure while maintaining a low friction coefficient. After space exposure, the film exhibited a low friction coefficient and a wear life exceeding 4.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> cycles. This performance is attributed to two main factors: (1) the presence of friction-induced spherical WO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles (approximately 11 nm) embedded in the transfer film, which promoted a transition from pure sliding to a mixed rolling-sliding regime; and (2) the retention of oriented WS<sub>2</sub> (002) crystalline layers in the tribofilm, which mitigated the plowing effect of nanoparticles and prevented a significant increase in the wear rate.</p>

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Changes in structure and tribological properties of in situ oxygen passivated WS2 film after a space exposure experiment outside the Chinese Space Station

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Zhaowang Li,
  • Jing Zhou,
  • Hongyu Lv,
  • Ke Wang,
  • Jun He,
  • Ming Hu,
  • Jiayi Sun,
  • Lijun Weng,
  • Longbang Guo,
  • Xiaoming Gao,
  • Desheng Wang

摘要

The space environment, particularly highly reactive atomic oxygen (AO), often causes performance degradation and accelerated wear of solid-lubricating materials used in aerospace applications. In this study, an in situ oxygen-passivated WS2 lubricating film (W–S–Ti–O composite film) was deposited to withstand AO irradiation. The structural and tribological evolution of the film was examined after a six-month space exposure experiment conducted outside the Chinese Space Station. The results show that in situ oxygen passivation of sulfur vacancies in the WS2 film promoted the formation of a dominant WSxOy phase within the W–S–Ti–O composite film. This phase effectively suppressed excessive WO3 formation during prolonged AO exposure while maintaining a low friction coefficient. After space exposure, the film exhibited a low friction coefficient and a wear life exceeding 4.5 × 105 cycles. This performance is attributed to two main factors: (1) the presence of friction-induced spherical WO3 nanoparticles (approximately 11 nm) embedded in the transfer film, which promoted a transition from pure sliding to a mixed rolling-sliding regime; and (2) the retention of oriented WS2 (002) crystalline layers in the tribofilm, which mitigated the plowing effect of nanoparticles and prevented a significant increase in the wear rate.