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<p>T-waves, or tertiary waves, are hydroacoustic signals that propagate through the ocean after seismic energy couples from the solid Earth into the water column. The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel traps hydroacoustic energy, enabling T waves to travel over long distances with minimal attenuation. While T waves serve as a valuable tool for monitoring submarine geophysical and animal activity, their propagation in marginal seas with complex seafloor topography, such as the South China Sea (SCS), exhibits patterns distinct from those in open ocean basins, requiring further investigation to improve ocean disaster monitoring and geophysical exploration. Using natural earthquake waveforms recorded between 2012 and 2024 by a permanent island station, temporary island seismic arrays, and an ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) array in the SCS, this study analyzes key T-wave characteristics, including travel times, frequency spectra, polarization properties, and signal duration. The observations reveal that individual seismic events can generate multiple T-wave phases in this region. Beamforming analysis and travel time modeling of array data identify the Luzon Strait and Okinawa Trough as conversion zones where seismic energy is converted into ocean-acoustic waves. These findings enhance our understanding of T-wave propagation in marginal sea environments and provide a foundation for developing T-wave-based monitoring systems for submarine earthquakes and landslides.</p>

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T-wave generation and propagation in the South China Sea from multi-source seismic data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Zhuo Xiao,
  • Yue Wang,
  • Chunchang Xia,
  • Zehui Lin,
  • Jinqian Xie,
  • Yong Zhou,
  • Min Xu

摘要

T-waves, or tertiary waves, are hydroacoustic signals that propagate through the ocean after seismic energy couples from the solid Earth into the water column. The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel traps hydroacoustic energy, enabling T waves to travel over long distances with minimal attenuation. While T waves serve as a valuable tool for monitoring submarine geophysical and animal activity, their propagation in marginal seas with complex seafloor topography, such as the South China Sea (SCS), exhibits patterns distinct from those in open ocean basins, requiring further investigation to improve ocean disaster monitoring and geophysical exploration. Using natural earthquake waveforms recorded between 2012 and 2024 by a permanent island station, temporary island seismic arrays, and an ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) array in the SCS, this study analyzes key T-wave characteristics, including travel times, frequency spectra, polarization properties, and signal duration. The observations reveal that individual seismic events can generate multiple T-wave phases in this region. Beamforming analysis and travel time modeling of array data identify the Luzon Strait and Okinawa Trough as conversion zones where seismic energy is converted into ocean-acoustic waves. These findings enhance our understanding of T-wave propagation in marginal sea environments and provide a foundation for developing T-wave-based monitoring systems for submarine earthquakes and landslides.