<p>Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries, where deep mantle material upwells and exposes on the Earth surface. Large variation is present along mid-ocean ridges in terms of their structures and geodynamics, which are essential for understanding mid-ocean ridge spreading. The increasing geological and geophysical observations reveal the fine structures of mid-ocean ridges, while geodynamical modeling investigates the various spreading processes. We summarize the recent studies on the structures and geodynamics of mid-ocean ridges, with the focus on reviewing the geodynamical numeric modeling of spreading processes and mechanisms, including asymmetric spreading mechanisms (e.g., difference in composition and mantle temperature, pore buoyancy, ridge migration), oblique spreading processes (e.g., formation of ridge segments and transform faults), ridge propagation and formation of V-shaped sea basins, mechanisms of ridge jump (e.g., influence of plumes, slab retreat and plate re-organization), interactions between mid-ocean ridges and plumes/subductions (e.g., influence of plume on ridge migration and magmatism, transformation from spreading to ridge-inversed subduction). The spreading processes of mid-ocean ridges are affected by lithospheric structures and thermal states, as well as the surrounding tectonic units (e.g., plumes, subductions). Further studies on spreading modes and mechanisms of mid-ocean ridges are needed, especially focus on investigating the end-member styles of mid-ocean ridges (e.g., ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges) and conducting geodynamical numeric modeling based on high-resolution observations.</p>