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<p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a key role in both Asian and global climates. TP is one of the regions with the largest precipitation deviations in numerical models. The biases in precipitation simulations over the TP are closely related to its distinctive convective processes and complex topographic effects. This study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to conduct a two-month simulation over the TP during the summer of 2019, aiming to investigate the combined impact of a cumulus scheme with optimized entrainment process and a turbulent orographic form drag (TOFD) scheme on cloud and precipitation simulations. The results show that the optimized cumulus scheme reduces the wet bias, while the TOFD scheme adjusts the spatial distribution of precipitation simulation, bringing it closer to the observations, especially by reducing the wet bias on the southern slope of the TP. The optimized cumulus scheme increases the simulated convective entrainment rate, leading to reduced convective cloud depth, convective precipitation frequency, and convective precipitation intensity, thereby decreasing the amount of convective precipitation. The TOFD scheme reduces precipitation on the southern slope of the TP by weakening moisture transport toward the TP, wind speed, vertical velocity, and cloud physical processes. The combined use of the two schemes integrates their advantages and jointly improves the accuracy of precipitation simulation over the TP. The results reduce the bias in summer precipitation simulations over the TP and provide a reliable scientific reference for weather and climate research, as well as precipitation forecasting in this region.</p>

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The combined effects of convective entrainment and orographic drag on precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Junjun Li,
  • Chunsong Lu,
  • Jinghua Chen,
  • Xu Zhou,
  • Kun Yang,
  • Xiaoqi Xu,
  • Xianghua Wu,
  • Lei Zhu,
  • Xin He,
  • Shiying Wu,
  • Pengcheng Lin

摘要

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a key role in both Asian and global climates. TP is one of the regions with the largest precipitation deviations in numerical models. The biases in precipitation simulations over the TP are closely related to its distinctive convective processes and complex topographic effects. This study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to conduct a two-month simulation over the TP during the summer of 2019, aiming to investigate the combined impact of a cumulus scheme with optimized entrainment process and a turbulent orographic form drag (TOFD) scheme on cloud and precipitation simulations. The results show that the optimized cumulus scheme reduces the wet bias, while the TOFD scheme adjusts the spatial distribution of precipitation simulation, bringing it closer to the observations, especially by reducing the wet bias on the southern slope of the TP. The optimized cumulus scheme increases the simulated convective entrainment rate, leading to reduced convective cloud depth, convective precipitation frequency, and convective precipitation intensity, thereby decreasing the amount of convective precipitation. The TOFD scheme reduces precipitation on the southern slope of the TP by weakening moisture transport toward the TP, wind speed, vertical velocity, and cloud physical processes. The combined use of the two schemes integrates their advantages and jointly improves the accuracy of precipitation simulation over the TP. The results reduce the bias in summer precipitation simulations over the TP and provide a reliable scientific reference for weather and climate research, as well as precipitation forecasting in this region.