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<p>This paper presents a comprehensive review on recent development and research conducted in domestic and international underground laboratories. We first introduce the differences in three environments—surface, mountain tunnel cavities and underground coal mine tunnels—by examining cosmic ray background, ambient noises related to gravity and seismic measurement, and electromagnetic noises in magnetic and magnetotelluric measurements. We highlight potential misuse of the term Underground Lab or Deep Underground Lab when describing observations in different physical fields. We introduce unique features of underground coal mine tunnels in China, such as large spaces, ultra-quiet conditions, and ultra-clean environments. When comparing with mountain tunnel cavities and borehole observations, coal mine tunnel observations have superior long-term stability and high precision. Through observations and comparisons of multi-physic fields at surface and the deep underground, we find that the higher SNR seismic observations conducted in deep underground tunnels in coal mines are beneficial to improve velocity tomography of the solid earth. The gravity observation with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) makes it possibly to capture slow earthquake, which has not been observed previously in the Chinese mainland. SQUID magnetic observations can detect fluctuations as weak as femto-Tesla (fT), enabling us to explore the attenuation of Schumann Resonance down to the solid Earth. This opens opportunities to investigate the connections between the Earth’s magnetic field and the interactions within the human brain and heart. To improve the precision of quantum measurement, we should consider the possible effects of weak magnetic disturbances in deep underground environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of deep underground laboratories, observing facilities and techniques deployed in these laboratories, and their possible connection with respect to “deep space” and “deep ocean” exploration, emphasizing the need for focused research on various scientific challenges. We hope to encourage greater attention to deep underground laboratory and high-precision scientific observation.</p>

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Underground laboratories · Deep underground observation · Scientific questions—Insights from observations of multi-physic fields in deep underground labs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月8日

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  • Huiqi Ren,
  • Yun Wang,
  • Chang Chen,
  • Guangyu Fu,
  • Longqing Qiu,
  • Lianghui Guo,
  • Chengliang Xie,
  • Yongsheng He,
  • Heping Sun,
  • Jiwen Teng

摘要

This paper presents a comprehensive review on recent development and research conducted in domestic and international underground laboratories. We first introduce the differences in three environments—surface, mountain tunnel cavities and underground coal mine tunnels—by examining cosmic ray background, ambient noises related to gravity and seismic measurement, and electromagnetic noises in magnetic and magnetotelluric measurements. We highlight potential misuse of the term Underground Lab or Deep Underground Lab when describing observations in different physical fields. We introduce unique features of underground coal mine tunnels in China, such as large spaces, ultra-quiet conditions, and ultra-clean environments. When comparing with mountain tunnel cavities and borehole observations, coal mine tunnel observations have superior long-term stability and high precision. Through observations and comparisons of multi-physic fields at surface and the deep underground, we find that the higher SNR seismic observations conducted in deep underground tunnels in coal mines are beneficial to improve velocity tomography of the solid earth. The gravity observation with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) makes it possibly to capture slow earthquake, which has not been observed previously in the Chinese mainland. SQUID magnetic observations can detect fluctuations as weak as femto-Tesla (fT), enabling us to explore the attenuation of Schumann Resonance down to the solid Earth. This opens opportunities to investigate the connections between the Earth’s magnetic field and the interactions within the human brain and heart. To improve the precision of quantum measurement, we should consider the possible effects of weak magnetic disturbances in deep underground environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of deep underground laboratories, observing facilities and techniques deployed in these laboratories, and their possible connection with respect to “deep space” and “deep ocean” exploration, emphasizing the need for focused research on various scientific challenges. We hope to encourage greater attention to deep underground laboratory and high-precision scientific observation.