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<p>In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of efficient and practical radical-involving reactions enabled by <i>N</i>-(acyloxy)phthalimide (NHPI) esters as redox-active intermediates. The preparation of carboxylic acids as redox-active esters (RAEs) has emerged as a powerful strategy to overcome the inherent limitations of direct decarboxylative functionalization. This review summarizes the recent advances in decarboxylative transformations of RAEs initiated by single-electron transfer (SET) under photoredox, electrochemical, and thermally driven catalytic conditions. These new activation modes have enabled diverse formation of C–C and C–X (X = B, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Ge) bonds, including decarboxylative alkylation, alkenylation, alkynylation, arylation, acylation, and heteroatom functionalization.</p>

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Decarboxylative functionalization with redox-active esters in a single-electron transfer manner

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Siyu Xia,
  • Zhongxuan Cai,
  • Shengyu Zhuang,
  • Jin Xie

摘要

In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of efficient and practical radical-involving reactions enabled by N-(acyloxy)phthalimide (NHPI) esters as redox-active intermediates. The preparation of carboxylic acids as redox-active esters (RAEs) has emerged as a powerful strategy to overcome the inherent limitations of direct decarboxylative functionalization. This review summarizes the recent advances in decarboxylative transformations of RAEs initiated by single-electron transfer (SET) under photoredox, electrochemical, and thermally driven catalytic conditions. These new activation modes have enabled diverse formation of C–C and C–X (X = B, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Ge) bonds, including decarboxylative alkylation, alkenylation, alkynylation, arylation, acylation, and heteroatom functionalization.